The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Essay - 2537 Words

It is a phrase that inspires awe of the accomplishments of the human race. It is a phrase that inspires fear for the mankind. Artificial intelligence has the potential for great, wondrous things, as well as those that are horrid and terrible. Writers have often played on this fear of other forms of intelligence – this fear of the unknown – and nothing can be worse than being outsmarted and surpassed by one’s own creation. Artificial intelligence, or AI, has the potential to be extremely beneficial to humanity, but there are costs and problems that could arise as a result of it. Technical Description: In truth, AI does not necessarily refer to laser wielding robots hell bent on human eradication. â€Å"Artificial† is defined as â€Å"made by†¦show more content†¦The symbols can then be manipulated and new ones created. The computer can examine numerous possible manipulations and outcomes. Unfortunately, computer systems such as this lack basic common sense that humans take for granted. The amount of data that would need to be inputted is both immense and somewhat unknown, as well as the problem that not all knowledge can be represented as a statement. So far, some of the successful applications have been in expert systems and game playing programs. One company, Cycorp www.cyc.com is spending $25 million over 20 years employing people to hand enter volumes uponShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Artificial Intelligence1409 Words   |  6 PagesOn the topic of artificial intelligence (AI), one may suppose that an ethical foundation has already been lain in place. One may presume so based on how integral it has grown to our lives, developing a co-existence with our communications devices, such as in the case of Siri or Google Now in the iOS and Android ecosystems, respectively. Such is not the case, however, as the topic of ethics when developing and maintaining artificial intelligence systems is a hotly debated one. As it turns out, peopleRead MoreThe Ethics Of Artificial Intelligence1595 Words   |  7 PagesNick Bostrom’s article for the Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence introduces Artificial Intelligence (AI), the process by which a computer performs a task that would typically require a human. He breaks down the incredibly broad field of Artificial Intelligence into four main categories: â€Å"Artificial General Intelligence† (3), â€Å"Machines with Moral Status† (6), â€Å"Minds with Exotic Properties† (9), and â€Å"Superintelligence† (14), describing the characteristics and ethical components of eachRead MoreThe Ethics And Its Relation With Artificial Intelligence2747 Words   |  11 Pagesdimensions of a technological society. This paper also describes about the new technologies and their ethical issues. This paper explains what is Artificial Ethics and its relation with Artificial Intelligence. This paper gives idea about the ethical problems in the cyber space and also machine ethics in the cyberspace. WHAT IS ETHICS? â€Å"Ethics are the set of moral principles influencing conduct.† What is TechnoEthics? â€Å"Technoethics is defined as an interdisciplinaryRead MoreThe Moral And Ethical Issues Of Artificial Intelligence1151 Words   |  5 Pagesinterweaved into the culture’s fabric and became acceptable. The key to understanding the moral and ethical issues raised by artificial intelligence are the four levels on which intelligent artifacts raise ethical and moral problems. The first level concerns the ethical uses of computers and how humans respond to a world that is constantly being transformed by artificial intelligence machines. With the rapid growth of the internet, it sets the values of people’s security and privacy to a higher standardRead MoreArtificial Intelligence And The Singularity Conference1149 Words   |  5 PagesRecently there was a speech at the Artificial Intelligence and The Singularity Conference in Oakland, California. There was a great lineup of speakers, including AI experts Peter Voss and Monica Anderson, New York Uni versity professor Gary Marcus, sci-fi writer Nicole Sallak Anderson, and futurist Scott Jackisch. All of us are interested in how the creation of artificial intelligence will affect the world. The topic was â€Å"The Morality of an Artificial Intelligence Will be Different from our HumanRead MoreThe Government Should Regulate Artificial Intelligence1655 Words   |  7 PagesXin Zhai Prof. Sanchez WRT 150-08 28 October 2016 The Government Should Regulate Artificial Intelligence People have already realized that Artificial Intelligence (AI) gradually occupies our life in different aspect and presents in different forms. AI will help big companies to cope with their data analysis and provide them with the best-calculated strategy. AI robots have already been employed in some countries like Japan to help with old people or patients who suffer from mental illness. BesidesRead MoreEthical Issues with Artificial Intelligence1471 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the past two hundred years, scientist have made numerous achievements not thought of in previous centuries. There is a questions that some people have begun to ask â€Å"Will science ever advance to far?† Some believe this is the case with artificial intelligence or AI, which is the theory or goal of a series of accomplishments that would allow a computer to house a sentient life form. The idea of AI has formally been around since around 1956. There has been very slow but steady progress towards aRead M oreHow Artificial Intelligence Will Impact The World900 Words   |  4 Pages Zoltan recently spoke at the Artificial Intelligence and The Singularity Conference in Oakland, California. It had AI specialists Peter Voss and Monica Anderson, New York University educator Gary Marcus, science fiction author Nicole Sallak Anderson, and futurist Scott Jackisch. We were fascinated in how artificial intelligence will impact the world. My subject was The Morality of an Artificial Intelligence Will be Different from our Human Morality. Elon Musk an entrepreneur made the headlinesRead MoreEssay On Artificial Intelligence1515 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction I chose Artificial Intelligence since I believe that it is extremely intriguing and important in the field of Information Technology. Artificial Intelligence is the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. AI is usually defined as the capability of a computer program to perform tasks or reasoning processes that we associateRead MoreThe Importance Of Artificial Intelligence In The Military1524 Words   |  7 Pagestechnologically advanced, the development of artificial intelligence for specific fields of work is becoming more prevalent. One of these fields where artificial intelligence (AI) is beginning to grow rapidly is in the military. All branches of the military are beginning to develop and implement AI on the battlefront in order to replace human soldiers. However, the use of AI to perform life and death decision s is a highly debated over topic. The morals and ethics behind letting a computer decide to take

Impact of a Deaf Child on Families - 2063 Words

Impact of a Deaf Child on Families A bird calls and the phone rings. Yet the girl makes no move to listen to one or to answer the other. A baby’s cry goes ignored and the tea kettle on the stove continues to whistle. Most, but not all cases of childhood deafness and hearing-impairment are diagnosed between the ages of 18 months and 3-years-old (Mapp 50). Sometimes called the invisible handicap, hearing loss explains why sign language is the third most used language in the United States (Jones 54). While recognition of sight problems or physical impairments may be triggered by spotting eye glasses or a wheelchair, deafness must be discovered through acts of direct communication. The girl walks down the hall and does not acknowledge her†¦show more content†¦34-35). Studies have also shown that the time following a child’s diagnosis can be particularly trying on husbands as they are trying to reassure their wives that everything will be fine while privately attempting to deal with their own deep an d emotional grief (Luterman et al. 7). The separate roles each parent takes on complement each other by providing unique skills for their child. One of the most emotional taxing yet gratifying parts of raising a deaf child is that the mother is typically the one member of the family most capable of communicating with the deaf child. She becomes not only a mother, but an educator, social guidance counselor, communication specialist, interpreter, and audiologist consultant (Mapp 15). The girl’s mother went to the school district when the girl entered high school hoping sign language classes were available as a precaution in case her half deaf child continued to lose her hearing. They refused to even consider letting sign language qualify for her foreign language requirement. Another recurring theme in the challenges faced by parents is the abundance of ignorance in the faculty of school systems themselves. One frustrated parent wrote said about mainstreaming her deaf child into a hearing school, â€Å"†¦the teacher sometimes forgets†¦her limits and limitations†¦and does somethingShow MoreRelatedParents An d Peers : A Child Who Is Deaf Or Hard Of Hearing ( Dhh )814 Words   |  4 PagesParents and peers play an important role in the holistic development of a child who is deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). Even the progress of the listening and speaking or sign language skills of a DHH child is heavily dependent on the consistent involvements of the child’s parents and peers. The more engaged a DHH child is in his/her day-to-day communications and interactions with parents, peers, and even siblings, the more adapting they become in listening and speaking or signing. Hence, it is noRead MoreDeaf Again By Mark Drolsbaugh1511 Words   |  7 PagesIn Mark Drolsbaugh’s book, Deaf Again, he is able to bring the reader through his life struggles and triumphs as a member of the Deaf community. There were three major themes that reoccurred throughout his life. These themes consist of communication barriers, a negative image on deafness, and limitations on social experiences. An exam ple of communication barriers starts in the beginning with his birth. From the beginning, he talked about how his parents struggled to communicate with the doctors whenRead MoreDevelopment and Deaf Children Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesexposure is for deaf children (Drasgow 1998). Unlike hearing children who are exposed to language early in the womb, deaf children get their exposure to language at birth (Drasgow 1998). Drasgow explains that studies show the earlier language is developed the higher children excel in language skills (Drasgow 1998). Deaf children born to deaf parents will acquire language as easily as hearing child born to hearing parents develops a spoken language (Drasgow 1998). It is vital for a child receive completeRead MoreI Feel Like The Film Sound, And Fury880 Words   |  4 PagesSOUND, AND FURY is a fascinating film which looks at the often overlooked deaf culture in contemporary society. By following two families, the film looks at how the societal pre ssures and the impacts of the cochlear implant have on deaf families, and deaf culture. For years, deaf individuals have been told they are less than or different, and after years of stigmatization, and ill treatment many people have become part of deaf culture, which does not look at deafness as a disability, but rather a differentRead MoreMarlee Matlin - Deaf Actress, Cultural Icon1249 Words   |  5 PagesPerry Miles Professor Parker English 1010 Composition 1 24 June 2009 Paper I: Marlee Matlin - Deaf Actress, Cultural Icon Marlee Beth Matlin was born on August 24, 1965 in Morton Grove, Illinois to Libby and Donald Matlin. She is the youngest and the only female of three children. She is an Academy Award winning actress and a world renowned spokesperson for various organizations. Marlee lives in the greater Los Angeles area with her husband, law enforcement officer Kevin Grandalski, andRead MoreThe Importance Of Reading In English1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction It comes as no surprise that a majority of Deaf children, whose first language is not English, struggle when it comes to English literacy. In the United States, around one half of Deaf students read at or below a fourth grade reading level upon completion of high school, with only around 7% reading at or above a seventh grade reading level (Strong Prinz, 1997). This level of reading barely reaches the level needed to read a newspaper (Goldin-Meadow Mayberry, 2001). The lack of abilityRead MoreDeaf Again By Mark Drolsbaugh Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesIn Mark Drolsbaugh’s educational and witty autobiography â€Å"Deaf Again†, he describes his journey as a child born to deaf parents, losing his own hearing in his childhood, and navigating both hearing and deaf worlds while trying to discover his identity. In the first chapter, Drolsbaugh tells the story of his own childbirth. His mother Sherry’s childbirth experience was traumatic, to say the very least. Her needs and comfort were disregarded repeatedly by doctors and nurses alike, simply because theyRead More The Deaf in Society Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe Deaf Community Imagine if you could never experience the sound of your favorite song on the radio. Or you could never hear the voice of a family member wishing you happy birthday. Since these situations are typical we may take them for granted. But these every day scenarios will never be part of a deaf persons life. One out of thousand infants will be born deaf every year, (Deaf Understanding). Most people dont realize the giant impact of the deaf in our society. Deaf persons canRead MoreThe Use of Pre-natal Genetic Diagnosis786 Words   |  3 Pagescan be controlled or changed about a child through embryo screening and what. On the one hand, Christians argue that no one should screen embryos because they are trying to â€Å"play God† and others oppose PGD because it is killing more lives than it is bringing into the world. On the other hand, couples like S.M and C.D, a lesbian couple from the United States contend that PGD and embryo screening should be used to use a deaf sperm don or so they could have a deaf children. My own view is pre-natal geneticRead MoreEssay about Colombia Report1229 Words   |  5 Pages The Deaf population in the United States is composed both of individuals Deaf since early childhood and individuals who lost their hearing later in life. The quot;Deaf Communityquot;, a heterogeneous mix of people from all walks of life, represents every socio-economic and racial category. However, this group of people consider themselves quot;a communityquot; because they are bound by a common culture, history, heritage and, most importantly, a common language. This language, which forms the

Australian Corporate Law

Question: You are required to write a research essay addressing all of following points: W ho are directors of company? W hat are their duties of directors under Australia Corporation Law? Give a short history of the evolution of directors duties and responsibilities. Please enumerate their duties and responsibilities today. Are their duties the same in proprietary companies and public companies? Explain the consequences should directors contravene the law and the remedies available. W hat do you see in the future direction of directors duties in Australia? Please cite relevant case law and the statutes in your answer and provideproper references. Answer: Introduction According to the Section 201B of the Australia Corporation Act, an individual may be appointed as a director if he/she has completed the age of 18 years and by the permission granted by ASIC under section 206F. The director is regarded as the back-bone of the company. It is the duty of the director to act for the welfare of the company with honesty, care, diligence, and goodwill. In this topic, we will discuss the duties and obligations of the director under the Corporation Act of Australia and the qualities in the directors to be perceived in future. Discussion Director of the company should complete 18 years of age. It is compulsory for the director to reside in Australia only if he/she is the only director of the company. It is not mandatory for all the directors to reside in Australia if one of them is already residing in the Continent(Purcell Loftus, 2007). To hold the position of the director, a written consent of the person who wants to be the director must be provided to the company which must be further notified to the ASIC for his/her appointment (Cole, 2012). In specific conditions, the duties and obligations of a director are imposed to a specific person by the Corporations Act. He/she is not the formal director of the company, but has all the rights to give instructions to the formally appointed directors. However, a person can also be prohibited by the court and ASIC from being a director or to be a member of the management of the company in specific cases, for example, if he or she is guilty of breaching the Corporation Act (Baxt, 2005). According to the Section 5 of the Australia Corporation Act 2001, the permission of court is essential for a person to hold the position of a director if he/she has been convicted for offences or is unable to pay their dues. According to the Section 9 and also under several other sections of the act, a director must inform the company regarding his/her resignation by a written notice or he/she may notify the resignation to the ASIC (Marshall Ramsay, 2012). If he/she fails, it is the duty of the company to notify ASIC about the resignation of the director. Section 5.3 of the act states the duties and liabilities of the directors. The director of a company is issued a wide range of duties under the Corporation Act. The most important duty of the director is to act in trust, loyalty and reliance. It is the duty of the director to work for the welfare of the company and to consider best for the company (Redmond, 2012). The director must implement concern and carefulness. It is the duty of the director to prevent the trade of the company when it is unable to pay its debt. The director has to report the liquidator about the affairs of the company in the cases when the company is wound up. For example, director may help the liquidator by providing him/her the records or the data when the company is wound up (Anderson, 2009). If the director is found guilty of contravening the act and fails to perform their duties, it will be considered as a criminal offence and he/she will be liable with a penalty of $200,000 or the imprisonment of upto 5 years or both. He/she may also be in breach of civil penalty provision and may be ordered by the court to pay upto $200,000 to the Commonwealth. He/she might be held personally liable to compensate the company or the others also for the damage or loss to the company. He/she may also be prohibited by the law from managing the company(Deloitte, 2013). Section 180 and several other sections of the act states that the duties and obligations of the director continue to exist even after the failure of the registration of the company. The general duties of the directors are kept under Section 180 to Section 187 of the Corporation Act. Section 180(1) refers to the care and diligence by the director which comes under civil obligation (Langford et al., 2015). It is expected from the director of a corporation to exercise their powers and discharge their duties with lot of care and attentiveness which is expected from a reasonable person if they were in the similar conditions and had occupied the similar position (Lowry, 2009). Section 180(2) states that a director must fulfill the requirements of subsection (1) as well as their duties in accordance to the common law and in equity, in respect of the business judgment if they make the decisions in good faith and purpose. The director must not fulfill personal interest while taking decisions for the company and should act in the favor of the company. Section 180(3) describes the business judgment as the decision to take action or not in the matters related to the business operations of the company. Section 181 states 'act in good faith' as the civil obligation of the directors. Subsection (1) binds the directors to act in good faith and for a proper reason while exercising their powers and discharging their duties and he/she should work for the welfare and best interest of the company. Section 181(2) states that a director who contravenes the clauses of the subsection (1) will be in breach of this subsection also. Section 182 of the Corporation act states that a director must not make improper use of his position for unfair purposes. Subsection (1) mandates the directors not to take benefit of their position to gain some advantages for them or for others. They are prohibited to use their position to cause disadvantage to the corporation. Section 183 prohibits the directors for improper use of the information. Subsection (1) specifies that the information obtained by the directors should not be used to solve illegitimate purposes of themselves or for others and must not cause harm to the company itself(Corporate Law Economic Reform Program, 1997). Section 184 of the act holds the director liable, if he/she contravenes the clauses of good faith, use of position, and the use of information, of criminal offences. Subsection (1) holds the directors liable of criminal offence if they are irresponsible, purposely corrupt, and fail to discharge their duties in good faith and purpose for the welfare of the company. Subsection (2) states that the directors are held liable of criminal offence, if they use their position for the improper purposes and act dishonestly with the intention to gain direct or indirect profit for themselves or for others. The directors are contravening the law if they are irresponsible towards their position to gain direct or indirect advantage for themselves or others. Subsection(3) states that director will be held liable under criminal offence if he/she misuses the information kept with him/her for the benefit of himself/herself or others either intentionally or carelessly. Section 185 of the act subscribes the interaction of the clauses of sections 180 to 184 with other laws. Paragraph (a) explains that all the duties and liabilities mentioned in the sections 180 to 184 will be in effect for the persons as their office or employment is related to the corporation act. It does not prevent the initiation of the civil proceedings in case of breach of a duty or a liability referred to in the paragraph (a). The duties of the directors are same whether in subsidiary company or public company. These are the general guidelines to be followed by the directors, officers, and the employees as well. Although section 187 of the Australia Corporation Act permits the director to act in good faith and for the good will of the subsidiary as well. A director of a corporation is supposed to be a wholly-owned subsidiary of a body corporate. It is expected from him to work honestly and for the welfare of the subsidiary if the constitution of the subsidiary provides the authority to the director to take actions in good faith and for the best interest of the holding company. The director must act in good faith and for the interest of the subsidiary, if the subsidiary is not bankrupt during the director's tenure and prevented from being bankrupt due to the director's act. In Australia, we should reorganize some of the checks and balances provided by our law to sustain honesty, skill, care, and diligence on the part of the directors who govern the companies for the welfare of the share holders, employees as well as for the society(Kirby, 1998). In future, it will be essential for the directors to be informed about the technological trends and global changes(Horrigan, 2012). In this way, the director of the corporation will be able to keep pace with the challenges occurring to the corporation. Conclusion The Corporation Act of Australia provides sufficient duties and obligations to the directors of the Corporation. Hence, these are the mandatory obligations of the directors. But for the progress and improvement in their capabilities in future, the directors must be aware about the global .technologies and trends prevailing in the society. References Anderson, H., 2009. Piercing the veil on corporate groups in Australia: the case for reform. Melbourne University Law Review, 33, pp.333-67. Baxt, P.R., 2005. Duties and Responsibilities of Directors and Officers. 18th ed. Australian Institute of Company Directors. Cole, S., 2012. Mind the Expectation Gap the role of a company director. Sydney: Australian Institute of Company Directors. Corporate Law Economic Reform Program, 1997. Directors Duties and Corporate Governance. Australian Government Publishing Service. Deloitte, 2013. Duties of Directors. [Online] Deloitte Touche Horrigan, P.B., 2012. Directors Duties and Liabilities Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going in the UK, Broader Commonwealth, and Internationally? International Journal of Business and Social Science, III(2), pp.21-45. Kirby, M., 1998. The Company Director: Past, Present and Future. Marshall, S.D. Ramsay, I., 2012. Stakeholders and directors' duties: Law, theory and evidence. UNSW Law Journal, 35(1), pp.291-316. Purcell, J.A. Loftus, J.A., 2007. Regulatory Developments in Corporate Social Responsibility: Directors and Officers Duties. Corporate Law Teachers Association. Redmond, P., 2012. Directors' duties and corporate social responsiveness. UNSW Law Journal, 31(1), pp.317-40.

Jesse Ventura I Aint Got Time To Bleed Essays - WWE Hall Of Fame

Jesse Ventura I Aint Got Time To Bleed I Ain't Got Time to Bleed By Jesse Ventura Jesse Ventura's I Ain't Got Time To Bleed is an autobiography about who he is, where he stands, and where he comes from. Ventura decided to run for governor and was elected in the state of Minnesota November 3rd 1998. He ran against Skip Humprhrey and Norm Coleman. He is the first member of the Reformist party to win an election for Governor in the history of the United States of America. He funded his campaign not by collecting money from special interest groups, but by accepting small donations from Minnesota citizens and repaying them using the Minnesota Political Campaign Refund Program. He knew in order for his campaign to work, everyone had to know that Jesse Ventura was running for governor. Since everybody doesn't listen to the radio or read the paper, he decided to focus his campaign on Television ads. Whenever he engaged in a debate he took only himself, no notes. His opponents were wearing suits and ties, he wore a Minnesota Timberwolves jacket and a pair of jeans. He dressed like the common man because he is the common man. On November third 1998 he won the election. James George Janise was born July 15, 1951, his name was not Jesse Ventura. Not until 25 years later when he changed his name to become ?Jesse The Body Ventura?. He grew up around local Minneapolis during the 50s and 60s and Graduated in 1969 from Roosevelt High. A few months after he graduated, his brother talked him into coming with to a navy recruiting office. They both walked out with Navy ID cards. The whole reason he joined the Navy was for one thing-the SEALs. Their chance finally came about five weeks into boot camp. After swimming 600 meters, doing as many pushups and sit-ups as they could in two minutes, then running a mile, he passed the screening test. For several more months they were trained as one of the elite. For the next two years he served in the military. In 1973, he finished serving in the Navy and joined a biker club called ?The Mongols?. After riding around with them for two years, he began to want more out of life, so he enrolled in a community college and hoped to play pro football. He worked out three nights a week with an ex-pro wrestler named Eddie Sharkey, who led him to an agent, and he began training to become a pro wrestler. After he was done training to become a pro-wrestler, he got a call from a Promoter asking him if he wanted to sign a contract- he did. He was then known as Jesse ?The Body Ventura? for the rest of his wrestling career. In wrestling he was always the bad guy and it was usually his job to loose. He played until his last match in 1986 against Tony Atlas. During his time as a professional wrestler he was assaulted several times, once by a 70-year-old lady, and then by a crazed fan with a hunting knife. He then received an offer to try out for a role in the newest Schwarznegger movie called Hunter. He got the role and flew down to Mexico the next day to begin filming it. The name of the film was later changed to Predator. During the filming of the movie, he became good friends with Arnold Schwarznegger and still is today. Ventura later went on to do the Running Man another film with Arnold Schwarznegger. Ventura got involved in politics while he lived in Brooklyn Park Minnesota. The city council was being run by a good old boy system and he was fed up. They were only concerned about re-election, and not the needs of the citizens of Brooklyn Park. So he ran for the election for mayor and won and took down the ?good old boy network?. That's how he got involved with politics, and the victory at Brooklyn Park motivated him to run for Governor of Minnesota later on. But before his election for governor, he had his own radio show at KTSP. Two years later he was fired shortly after signing a contract.

How internal marking affects service quality Essay Example

How internal marking affects service quality Essay Example How internal marking affects service quality Essay How internal marking affects service quality Essay How internal marker affects Service Quality?: The instance of Travel Expert Abstraction Service quality is viewed as client satisfaction ( Bolton and Drew 1991 ; Boulding et Al, 1993 ) , client keeping ( Reichheld and Sasser 1990 ) and positive word of oral cavity, ( Swanson and Kelley, 2001 ) .A Service quality is about ever defined in footings of client perceived quality, which in itself is a map of expected and experienced quality ( Brown et al. , 1991 ; Gronroos, 1990a ; Zeithaml et at, 1990, 1991 ) . Therefore, a service of the good quality should be adapted to the client s demands and thereby fulfill his or her demands. Service quality extremely depends on what happens to the direct actions of employees and the interactions between employees and clients particularly in service industry. Front-line contact forces are of import elements of consumers perceptual experiences every bit good as of import elements of the selling mix that impact on quality criterions. Lumsodon 1997, stated that internal selling as logical extension of the selling mix consideration to recognize their employees as assets. 1. Introduction Travel Expert is a moderate-sized IATA travel bureau in Hong Kong was established in 1986 and has a rapid growing from 1 chief office to more than 40 subdivisions within last 10 years.A It employs more than 150 staffs from diverse civilizations and backgrounds and provides specialized services managing up-market leisure travel and high quality corporate travel. In the past five old ages, Travel Expert has gained a repute for the high quality of its professional services and has become a market leader in the quickly turning leisure and corporate travel sector. Because of fast growth of the company, its human resource section recruits 4-5 travel advisers to apportion in each new subdivision lead by a subdivision director to provide to the concern growing. Erratically, concern volume dropped dramatically after six months and doing a batch of client ailments due to staff deficiency of internal communicating and inter-departmental supports led to hapless service provided to clients. Major grounds are no initiation preparation is provided for new staff one time employment has been accepted. For those who freshly join Travel Expert are non cognizant of the company s policy, patterns, processs, criterions and other demand of the company although they may hold experience elsewhere in a different set. It is critical that for human resource to develop employees who are recruited and give a clear image of the company to go portion of the specific organizational civilization and web ( Paauwe, J A ; Boselie, P. 2003 ) .Case survey for this paper explores the challenges faced to Travel Expert and how internal selling affects service quality. 2. Literature Reappraisal The construct of internal selling was foremost introduced in the mid of 1970s but was non advocated by service industry during these period. The doctrine of internal selling is treated the employees as internal clients in order to do the employees happy, their external clients will fulfill because of the employees face- to-face interacting with clients will impact service quality ( Palmer A, 2008 ) . Berry ( 1980 ) , defined in early 80s that the impression of internal selling to pattern selling to the non-marketers ( internal employees ) who serve the external clients. Lings ( 1999 ) , besides stated that back uping non merely limited to the customer-contact employees and all back uping service staffs to work as a squad to supply services to external clients are every bit of import such as accounting section, fining squad and merchandise squad who will impact on the quality of services bringing to the external customers.A Harmonizing to Kotler ( 1994 ) , internal selling must happe n before external selling and it is more reasonable for all employees to acquire ready to supply first-class service to external customers.A Internal selling procedure requires employee s engagement and committedness which align with administration s strategic program ( Mowday, Porter, A ; Steers, 1982 ) . Other concerns such as employment security and a sense of belonging will do employees to the full committed to their work force ( Pfeffer, 1995 ) ; occupation satisfaction can be viewed as one s assessment of the occupation features and emotional experiences at work ( Weiss A ; Cropanzano, 1996 ) will play an of import function of internal selling. 3. Identify Service bringing Many human resource direction and top directors seem to hold neer learnt or non of all time been taught the about clients or service and, a concern which relies on client interaction or service must gain that human capital requires committedness, attending and monitoring. Fitzsimmons A ; Fitzsimmons ( 1994, pp.295 ) say that continual betterment in productiveness and quality must be portion of its scheme and corporate civilization to accomplish competitory for a service firm.A Therefore, it is of import for Travel Expert to incorporate internal selling with its strategic direction procedure. Although a basic quality system for client service betterment or service degree understanding has ever existed, the travel advisers of Travel Expert have non been able to adhere to demands to do a batch of ailments and staff low productivities.A The grounds are ill-defined guidelines and the company s policy patterns, processs, criterions and other demand of the company.A The usual demand expressed by this client group is High quality . For the past five old ages, Travel Expert s initial construct has been a chiseled vision focused on presenting a high quality service. All strategic programs and actions are directed towards the sweetening of this really of import characteristic to pull clients in a extremely competitory market. Quality is besides identified as the prioritized public presentation aim on which the company has to stand out. Schmenner ( 1995 ) emphasizes that Quality means conformityto the service specifications as valued by clients and Olsen ( 1996 ) accent that Quali ty is concerned with providing superior benefits based on the sentiment of the client. The chase of quality is the chase of greater client benefit . It is critical hence for the company to implement an appropriate quality system to keep this of import competitory border. Furthermore, contradiction occurs between for front-line staffs need to accomplish the bi-monthly productiveness mark or pass more clip supplying professional advice to clients to keep a high quality criterion. In add-on, no initiation preparation and unequal preparation is provided are provided.A A In these fortunes, struggles occur due to the precedence of public presentation aims and alterations caused by menaces from the external environment. Conversely, the vague or deficient service categorization implies to the subdivision directors in Travel Expert that there is struggle in the demand for goods and services. Competition is fierce in today s concern environment and service quality is going progressively recognized as the premier consideration in many buying determinations. There is small uncertainty that quality is an indispensable portion of the selling mix as companies seek effectual ways to distinguish their services from those of their rivals. There are legion service quality instruments widely recognized and some writers ( Pakdil and Aydin, 2007 ; Gilbert and Wong, 2003 ; Park et al. , 2004 ) advocate SERVQUAL as an appropriate and dependable theoretical account to find the service quality. Benchmarking, Total Quality Management and ISO9000 are developed to run into the service demands. For illustration, the ISO 9000 series is a set of global criterions that establishes demands for companies quality direction systems. ISO 9000 is being used world-wide to supply a model for quality confidence therefore appropriate quality direction is of import to Travel Expert to enable it to better its quality and to supply high quality production without waste, to be error free and to increase to rush to cut down costs well. Ill-defined guidelines in company policy and the vague or deficient service categorization conveys the incorrect significance to staff at Travel Expert. Operation staff and directors do non cognize how to better the public presentation aims of the operation to accomplish the end of mistake free procedures ( internally ) and besides satisfy their clients ( externally ) by supplying error-free merchandises and services fit for the intent intended . If the operation succeeds in accomplishing all this it will give a quality advantage to Travel Expert. Designation of countries necessitating quality betterment As mentioned antecedently, quality is of the extreme importance, and in a travel bureau, client service is high on the list of precedences. Cost film editing programmes and other steps were finally brought in with the company choosing cost as a determiner of fight selling low cost inclusive Tourss as their public presentation aim. Six months following execution of the public presentation aim, there was found to be a bead of 30 per centum in both leisure and corporate travel concern due to the fact that all the travel advisers were passing their clip selling low cost bundles, concern with a of high net income border, but more clip must be spent on the client and this caused a loss. On the other manus, heavy work loads were shared by the travel advisers who stayed with the company and so at that place was non plenty manpower to function the high quality corporate travel side of the concern. Heavy work loads and the alteration in the type of client indirectly caused a alteration of staff. of competitiveness merchandising low cost inclusive Tourss as their public presentation aim. Six months following execution of the public presentation aim, there was found to be a bead of 30 per centum in both leisure and corporate travel concern due to the fact that all the travel advisers were passing their clip selling low cost bundles, concern with a of high net income border, but more clip must be spent on the client and this caused a loss. On the other manus, heavy work loads were shared by the travel advisers who stayed with the company and so at that place was non plenty manpower to function the high quality corporate travel side of the concern. Heavy work loads and the alteration in the type of client indirectly caused a alteration of staff. The challenges faced by top direction at Travel Expert were how to carry through the public presentation aims of equilibrating both costs and and quality . . The Quality System Service Classification The debut of a service categorization strategy at Travel Expert could assist to put the way of the operation and interrupt down the industry barriers. Schmenner ( 1995, pp.25 ) says that service procedures can be categorized into 4 types of operation as follows: Service Factory Service Shop Mass Service Professional Service A different grade of customization/interaction and labour strength will take to assorted challenges. ( Mention to appendixA A A ___1___ ) Different classs of services will be adopted to supply waies for bettering quality, productiveness and operating efficiency to accommodate the concern demands of a different/new client group.A A Fitzsimmons A ; Fitzsimmons ( 2000, pp.90 ) say that: Many operations will be able to adhere to their traditional operations picks, and selling force per unit areas for increased customization and the coevals of wholly new service operations that are pressed to transform themselves A A A Directors of service in any class, whether service mill, service store, mass service or professional service, portion similar challenges and it is the important for persons inA each company to happen options to get the better of the inevitable challenges or to bridge the spreads. Two types of service are in operation at Travel Expert: Leisure Travel : A The concern is operated as a: A The concern is operated as a Professional Service. There is no fixed form of bundle and the client is able to take whichever air hose they wish to go by, the hotel preferred or optional Tourss to fall in. Hence, the client seeking professional service is given single attending. The Travel Expert adviser spends much clip supplying professional advice even if merely selling to one person client, for illustration, excess attempt or energy is put into explicating the air hose service, sightseeing points at the finish, the civilization and geographic information of the finish, hotel installations and visa application processs. The form of professional service involves: High labour intensity/high interaction and high grade of customization. On the contrary, a There is no fixed form of bundle and the client is able to take whichever air hose they wish to go by, the hotel preferred or optional Tourss to fall in. Hence, the client seeking professional service is given single attending. The Travel Expert adviser spends much clip supplying prof essional advice even if merely selling to one person client, for illustration, excess attempt or energy is put into explicating the air hose service, sightseeing points at the finish, the civilization and geographic information of the finish, hotel installations and visa application processs. The form of professional service involves: High labour intensity/high interaction and high grade of customization. On the contrary, a Service Factory provides a standardised service with low labors intensity/low interaction and low customization. provides a standardised service with low labors intensity/low interaction and low customization. There was a contradiction between clients and Travel Expert once the company public presentation aim had been changed to that of selling low cost inclusive Tourss as a service mill. A spread between a client s outlooks of a service versus perceptual experience of bringing provided by Travel Expert will still supply a professional service company. The spread that was created was the disagreement between service bringing and external communicating promises to supply the accomplishment, expertness and professionalism with which the service is executed. This includes the transporting out of right executing of client instructions, grade of merchandise or service cognition exhibited by the travel adviser, the rendition of a good circuit merchandise, sound advice and the general ability to make a good job.A A A The spreads in service ( Appendix 2 ) are therefore created. Johnston A ; Clark ( 2001, pp.81 ) say that, When we talk about service quality from an operation position we normally mean the quality of the service we deliver, i.e. does it systematically meet the specification for that service? This, of class, may be different to how a client sees the service ( their perceived service quality ) , and therefore there may be a mismatch between a client s outlooks of a service and their perceptual experience of its bringing. A A A Corporate Travel: Business was carried out as Business was carried out as aService Shop. The chief aims were flexibleness and velocity in supplying a competitory service to corporate travel. A service store involves low intensity/high interaction and a high grade of customization. On the contrary, clients of a The chief aims were flexibleness and velocity in supplying a competitory service to corporate travel. A service store involves low intensity/high interaction and a high grade of customization. On the contrary, clients of a Mass Service will have an uniform service with high labors intensity/low interaction and low customization.A Past experiences by the client signifier the footing of his or her perceptual experience of the service. It is of import that the operations director of Travel Expert offers a entire experience for the client that is consistent with the coveted service bundle. The being of any one of these spreads is likely to ensue in a mismatch between outlooks and perceptual experiences ensuing in hapless sensed quality. It is hence of import that operation directors in these two sections realize the construct of their service categorizations and agreement appropriate focal point to allow public presentation aims. will have an uniform service with high labors intensity/low interaction and low customization.A Past experiences by the client signifier the footing of his or her perceptual experience of the service. It is of import that the operations director of Travel Expert offers a entire experience for the client that is consistent with the coveted service bundle. The being of any one of these spreads is likely to ensue in a mismatch between outlooks and perceptual experiences ensuing in hapless sensed quality. It is hence of import that operation directors in these two sections realize the construct of their service categorizations and agreement appropriate focal point to allow public presentation aims. Measuring the spread between expected service and sensed service is a everyday client feedback procedure and it is a step of service quality ; satisfaction is either negative or positive. A monthly study issued by Travel Expert showed an country which needs bettering as it was found in both Leisure and Corporate Travel, that delays had been experienced in answering to clients. This was identified by: Current Service Quality system Reports of telephone response ( voice mail/call dorsums ) -Automatic Call Distribution ( ACD ) showed that merely 75 % calls were returned within 30 proceedingss which was the standard clip set by the company. -Automatic Call Distribution ( ACD ) showed that merely 75 % calls were returned within 30 proceedingss which was the standard clip set by the company. Report of abandoned calls -An Automatic Call Distribution study showed that 20 calls were left unattended by travel advisers each hebdomad. -An Automatic Call Distribution study showed that 20 calls were left unattended by travel advisers each hebdomad. Letterss of ailment Around 5 letters of ailment were received each month. Around 5 letters of ailment were received each month. Survey signifiers completed by clients Feedback from two clients utilizing the leisure travel section showed that the travel adviser merely introduced a low cost bundle vacation without taking any clip patiently to orient do a honeymoon trip for them. Feedback from two clients utilizing the leisure travel section showed that the travel adviser merely introduced a low cost bundle vacation without taking any clip patiently to orient do a honeymoon trip for them. Customer service Ailments were received from corporate clients that travel advisers were non proactive and failed to guarantee the best available monetary value on paths. Merely 80 % truth in the Management Information System Report was able to be fulfilled and this was delivered to the client by the histories section. Ailments were received from corporate clients that travel advisers were non proactive and failed to guarantee the best available monetary value on paths. Merely 80 % truth in the Management Information System Report was able to be fulfilled and this was delivered to the client by the histories section. Ticket bringing some ailments were received from corporate clients that merely 75 % of tickets delivered were on clip. some ailments were received from corporate clients that merely 75 % of tickets delivered were on clip. Delaying refunds on air tickets, hotels and Tourss some ailments were received from both leisure and corporate clients that refunds were non made within a two month timeframe. some ailments were received from both leisure and corporate clients that refunds were non made within a two month timeframe. Quality Control Tools at Travel Expert As antecedently described, a basic quality system for the Level of Service Agreement has been implemented by Travel Expert. This is reviewed annually in the Level of Service Agreement and is provided by operations directors so that each member of staff may supervise the public presentation of service of other members of staff. In this Level of Service Agreement, the bulk of factors involve client service demands and the contents included are as follows: and is provided by operations directors so that each member of staff may supervise the public presentation of service of other members of staff. In this Level of Service Agreement, the bulk of factors involve client service demands and the contents included are as follows: Limit abandoned calls 10 % . Turn around clip for voice mail or call dorsums within 30 proceedingss. Answer all entrance calls within 3 rings. Keep calls on clasp for under 2 proceedingss. Greet clients in complete sentences. Offer other side merchandises eg. insurance, auto lease, hotel adjustment, optional Tourss as a standard demand. A missive of ailment missive must be acknowledged within 2 hours and handled within 2 yearss. Survey signifiers are a method to mensurate external public presentation by seeking sentiments from corporate travel clients quarterly to better the reserve procedure, enhance reactivity, salvage on cost and bring forth reserve truth. Travel Consultant Performance Appraisal is to be carried out at the terminal of the twelvemonth. The assessment will sum up the overall public presentation of the travel adviser throughout the whole twelvemonth. This Level of Service Agreement is the nucleus tool to mensurate the public presentation of staff. Nevertheless, ill-defined guidelines, company policy, vague or deficient service categorization and revised public presentation aim caused mishandling and hapless service to clients. On the other manus, it was demonstrated in the monthly study that the jobs were non merely happening with front-line staff but besides back-office staff ( couriers for ticket bringing and accounting staff for refunds/MIS studies ) .A A A Quality Improvement Definition of Quality: A A Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons ( 2001, pp.12 ) say that: Successful growing of the service sector will depend on invention and skilled direction that will advance an moral principle of uninterrupted betterment in quality and productiveness Due to fortunes whereby ailments were received from clients and mishandled, a quality system specializer was invited to ease a major quality betterment programme.A This was conceived as a extremist betterment through the execution of a break-through programme-Business procedure re-engineering ( BPR ) .A BPR is typical of the extremist discovery manner of undertaking betterment. It is blend of a figure of thoughts which have been used in operations direction for some clip. The just-in-time construct, procedure flow charting, critical scrutiny in method survey, operations web direction and customer-focused operations all contribute to the BPR redesign procedure. Hammer A ; Champy ( 1993, pp.32 ) define BPR as: The cardinal rethinking and extremist design of concern procedures to accomplish dramatic betterments in critical, modern-day steps of public presentation, such as cost, quality, service and velocity It shortly became evident nevertheless that the BPR undertaking was non accomplishing the anticipated sustainable betterments and it besides became clear that BPR is frequently treated as the latest direction craze. BPR attempts to fling uneconomical activities and concentrate on simpleness and logical ordination. Information engineering has a critical function to play as the cardinal enabler of concern procedures. The frequently important usage of information engineering enables extremist alterations but besides create a beginning of complexness that can sabotage betterment. Implementing BPR requires the formation of a high-ranking squad with a title-holder to co-ordinate action and besides requires a clear apprehension of current procedures, facilitated by procedure function. On the other manus, insufficient accomplishments for employees to get by with the new organisation will do defeat and interrupt to routine work during alteration programme. BPR is clearly a hazardous activity, both because current procedures are rejected and besides because of the high capital outgo required and frequent trust on information engineering. Another cardinal factor in its failure is, because BPR topographic points accent on concern procedures, systems and construction, the people factor tends to be overlooked, ignored or under-estimated ( Clark 1995, pp.68 ) . Indeed, because of the occupation losingss incurred in such extremist alteration, BPR has become synonymous with acquiring rid of staff or retrenchment. The company is hence recommended to see a uninterrupted betterment programme to heighten its quality public presentation, as although there will non be extremist alteration, a impulse of betterment can be built up bit by bit. Yasin and Zimmerer ( 1995 ) say that: The aim of the uninterrupted quality betterment attempt is to guarantee inter-quality and attachment to procedure criterions, therefore forestalling dearly-won internal failure and the jobs associated with it Introduction to Total Quality Management Travel Expert evaluated that the Breakthrough attack did non bring forth a important upturn and hence introduced the Entire Quality Management ( TQM ) attack as a solution frontward bettering the organization.A TQM is focused on service and involves non merely actuating people, but besides put ining systems to prolong uninterrupted improvement.A It begins with the top direction undergoing a vision alliance and all sections are to organize with each other to accomplish the common goal.A A Execution of Entire Quality Management Deming ( 1992, pp.23-96 ) provided an extended list of ways that statistical thought can be good in service houses and in the administrative maps of all sorts of organizations.A The basic doctrine is that quality and productiveness addition as process variableness lessenings. Harmonizing to Deming ( 1992, pp.23-96 ) there are 14 points for quality betterment: Create stability of intent Adopt a new doctrine Cease dependance on review End presenting concern on monetary value Improve invariably the system of production and service Institute preparation on the occupation Institute leading Drive out fright Break down barriers between sections Eliminate mottos and exhortations Eliminate quotas and work criterion Give people pride in their occupation Institute instruction and self-improvement plans Put everyone to work to carry through it A company-wide quality-improvement programme assumes that all employees have the capacity for self-motivation and originative idea. Employees are given support, and their thoughts are solicited in an environment of common dignity. The PDCA rhythm is the sequence of activities which is undertaken on a cyclical footing to better activities. ( Deming, 1982 ) as explained below, the acronym PDCA is as follows: Plan collection and analysing informations associating to the country of improvement.A Plan action to be taken. Make present the action to be taken Check step and confirm the consequences Act rectify as appropriate A TQM attack aims to run into the demands and outlooks of clients and implies seting clients as top precedence for all quality determination making.A This could nevertheless be really hard because perceptual experience and outlook of service from each different person will vary.A Percepts of the public presentation of a merchandise have been studied by Swan and Comb ( 1994, pp.64-83 ) .A They differentiate instrumental public presentation, which is a map of the merchandise, from expressive public presentation, which is a map of those properties of the merchandise which are related to a psychological degree of satisfaction. Psychological satisfaction from a merchandise or service will be influenced by a figure of factors such as the temper of the client and the feeling of the client towards the individual presenting the merchandise or service. These factors are subjective and personal. Other factors upseting client satisfaction are the 5 service spreads in the Service Quality Model as outlined in Appendix 2.A For Travel Expert, the outlook from the leisure travel clients is defined as premium guest service. They required in deepness inside informations about their travel such as the quality of air hose service and hotels, attractive forces, transit information and visa demands of the destination.A A The outlook from the corporate travel client is on the other manus of flexible and rapid service.A Harmonizing to Muhlemann and Lockyer, 1992, pp.97-103, for an organisation to be genuinely effectual, every individual portion of it, each section, each activity, and each individual and each degree including top direction, must work decently together, because every individual and every activity affects and in bend is affected by others. TQM recognizes the fact that everyone is a client ( internal client ) to person ( provider ) within the organization.A The construct of internal client and provider and the internal customer-supplier relationship are to be introduced in TQM.A Whenever, jobs arise anyplace in this relationship, the service will be disturbed.A Mistakes happening in any micro operation will finally impact the service to the clients. Everyone in the organisation is capable of bettering the public presentation and assisting others in the organisation to better theirs.A As mentioned in the quality related cost earlier, it is each individual s duty to acquire quality right which can cut down the costs taking to quality betterments. Hostage ( 1975, pp.98-106 ) say that: Employees must themselves be happy to be able to delight clients The concern of a service company will be affected by the service delivered to the client and hence, the service forces who have direct contact with the clients need non merely to be good trained, but besides to be happy about their work. Travel Expert scheduled a figure of direction strategic planning Sessionss led by the General Manager to discourse and aline the direction schemes and practices.A A After the aims and action programs were laid-down, the director of each functional squad communicated with the frontline employees.A Employees hence understood the ground why and how to accomplish the objectives.A Employee involvement and engagement are indispensable for uninterrupted betterment and there must be a committedness and construction to the development of Travel Expert employees, with acknowledgment that they are an plus that appreciates over clip. This shifts the accent fromreactive( waiting for something to go on ) toproactive( making something before anything happens ) a alteration in the position of quality costs that has come about with a motion from an inspect-in ( appraisal-driven ) attack, to a design-in ( acquiring it right first clip ) attack. Service is an experience for the client and any failure becomes a narrative for that client to others. Service directors must acknowledge that disgruntled clients non merely will take their hereafter concern elsewhere but besides tell others about the unhappy experience, therefore ensuing in a important loss of future concern. Quality costs are normally classified into bar costs, assessment costs, internal failure cos

W.E.B. Du Bois on Woman Suffrage

W.E.B. Du Bois on Woman Suffrage This article originally appeared in the June 1912 issue of The Crisis, a journal considered one of the leading forces in the New Negro Movement and the Harlem Renaissance, addressing a failure on the part of the National American Woman Suffrage Association to support a resolution condemning the Southern disenfranchisement of African Americans, in law and in practice. Du Bois, a leading black intellectual of the day and key founder of the NAACP, and a supporter in general of womens suffrage, was editor of The Crisis. The next year, a suffrage march would be marked by a request by the white leadership for black women to march at the back, so we know that this essay did not immediately transform the suffrage movement to include fully the voices of people of color. Du Bois uses the term suffragette in the title, but in the article uses the more common term at the time, suffragist.   The language is that of 1912, when this was written, and may be uncomfortable and different from expectations of today.   Colored people and Negro were, as may be obvious by Du Bois use, the respectful words of the time for people of color and for Black people. Full article: Suffering Suffragettes by W. E. B. Du Bois, 1912 Summary: Du Bois points out that the suffrage movement is wincing a bit and produces a letter from Anna Shaw, defending the suffrage movements commitment to justice to women, white and colored, and says that no women were excluded from the recent convention in Louisville on account of race.Shaw repeats a rumor that at the Louisville convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, a resolution condemning disfranchisement of colored people in the South was not allowed to come to the floor, and says she did not feel it was snowed under but was simply not acted on.Du Bois points out that Martha Gruening had attempted to have a colored delegate introduce a resolution from the floor, and that Anna Shaw had refused to invite her to the convention.Resolved, that the women who are trying to lift themselves out of the class of the disfranchised, the class of the insane and criminal, express their sympathy with the black men and women who are fighting the same battle and recognize that i t is as unjust and as undemocratic to disfranchise human beings on the ground of color as on the ground of sex. Further, Du Bois reproduces a letter from Anna Shaw from before the convention about opposing the resolution being introduced, as it would do more to harm the success of our convention in Louisville than all the other things that we do would do good.In this Shaw letter, she also contends that the worst enemy of white womens vote is colored men who would go straight to the polls and defeat us every time.Du Bois says that we have repeatedly shown that contention about colored men defeating woman suffrage is false. See also the related article, Two Suffrage Movements, by Martha Gruening, mentioned in the article above.   It was published a few months after this one.   And for a biography of one of Du Bois wives, see  Shirley Graham Du Bois  on this site.

Research Strategy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Research Strategy Paper - Essay Example This would mean that I remain glued to the tasks and actions, and thus devise ways and means through which I remain committed to the cause of managing my time domains. I can learn to manage time well on my hands because this is something that can be acquired through proper research and understanding. If I make an effort to follow the small tasks in small time zones, I believe I can take a giant leap forward. This will be a positive change that will bring in success as I have envisaged for myself in the past and even in the present times. Also I need to determine the extent to which I am ready to adhere to a strict timeline for my own self, as this would require strict vigilance and control, and ask of me to give my very best when it comes to the completion of tasks and adherence to the time zones that I have thus created. It should be noted here that the information for time management can be gathered through Internet and library as well. I can seek the same through different websites and by visiting libraries and accessing books, journals and magazines. I can find out a whole deal of information by visiting these places which are a source of abundant information and detail which is relevant to the domains of time management in essence. I will analyze the validity of my claims as to whether or not I will be doing what I have thought about and how closely I will be following the principle of adhering to the timelines for my own self. This is a very important premise and my perspectives should be very clear because I need to achieve a lot in a short period of time. This is something that comes in an automated fashion but in the beginning shall pose as a point of deterrence because I have to learn how to manage time before actually doing this all on my own. I have been known to collect good information and research on a number of different subjects and topics and hence the reason that I believe success will dawn upon me as I

Art histort 300-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art histort 300-2 - Essay Example † that started in New York, where individuals frequently interacted with each other, and share a common approach to making art, even when the appearance of their paintings diverged in many ways (Carr, n.d.). This common approach married the forms, purposes, colors, and shapes of Expressionism and Abstract Art. After World War II, a small group of American painters who lived in New York developed an artistic innovation (Carr, n.d.). They were called the â€Å"Rebel Painters of the 1950s† and included Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky, Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, Adolph Gottlieb, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Mark Rothko, and Clyfford Still (Carr, n.d.). These artists rejected both social realism and geometric abstraction, two leading strains in American art in the 1930s (Carr, n.d.). Abstract Expressionists focused on expressing elusive ideas and experiences. For Pollock, Gorky, and de Kooning, their subjects were autobiographical and came from their sheer need to paint and express themselves. In Gorky’s â€Å"The Artist and His Mother† paintings, they were often compared to Ingress for simplicity of lines and to Picasso for color and structure. Pollock is known for his abstract expressionist paintings, such as Number 1, 1950 (Lavende r Mist), where his subconscious seemed to have controlled the flow of action in the painting. de Kooning’s Woman V (1952-53) has Gorkys surrealist style and Picassos form and shape. Mark Rothko fluently described their Abstract Expressionist art: â€Å"Art was not about an experience, but was itself the experience† (Carr, n.d.). Abstract Expressionism developed in the social setting of the Depression era. During this time, artists like Gorky and de Kooning, for instance, lived near each other and became good friends (Carr, n.d.). de Kooning also befriended Rothko, Philip Guston and Barnett Newman (Carr, n.d.). The friendships and solidarity among the Abstract Expressionists were strengthened by

The New World Essay Example for Free

The New World Essay That idea of a distant paradise on earth shaped the way Europeans came to think of America after Columbus and his successors reported their discoveries. For example, the following mythic lands may have served as inspirations for the alluring idea of America as a place of joy, ease, riches, and regeneration: a. the Garden of the Hesperides of Greek myth b. the Elysian Fields described by the poet Homer c. the Islands of the Blessed, described by Hesiod, Horace, and Pindar d. Atlantis, described by Plato in the Timaeus and the Critias e. the Garden of Eden f. the Fortunate Isles, described in the Voyage of St. Brendan (ninth century) g. the enchanted gardens of Renaissance literature Columbus’s discovery of America has been described as â€Å"perhaps the most important event recorded in secular history. † On the other hand, it has been pointed out that had Columbus not discovered America, it would soon have been discovered by some other explorer. Edmundo O’Gorman, in The Invention of America (1961), asserted that America was not discovered but was invented by Europeans in the 16th and following centuries. The contrary idea of America as a place of degenerated plants, animals, and humans was also held by Europeans long before it was set forth by the French naturalist Buffon (1707–1788) in the early volumes of his Natural History (1749–1804). Thomas Jefferson made effective reply in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), but remnants of the idea continued to persist in the European popular mind. Modern readers are often surprised to learn of Columbus’s never-ending insistence, even in the face of contrary evidence, that he had reached the coast of Asia, not a new continent. That mistaken certainty was in large part caused by his faith in faulty calculations showing the earth’s circumference to be about 18,000 rather than 25,000 miles. The ancient geographer Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth with nearly perfect accuracy in the third century BCE. But Columbus, as did the best navigators of his time, relied on charts based on measurements made by the second-century-CE astronomer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). The calculation of the earth’s circumference presented in Ptolemy’s Guide to Geography (published, in Latin, in 1409) was off by more than 25 percent. Had the calculation been accurate, Columbus would have been correct in assuming that after sailing west for 33 days, he had indeed reached the Orient. Columbus’s writing style is spare and unornamented. In contrast, the letters (the first published in 1504) of Amerigo Vespucci, reporting his voyages to the New World from 1497 to 1504 (he claimed four,historians credit him with two), were filled with vivid and titillating details describing the new land and its inhabitants. As a result, Vespucci’s reports received greater attention throughout Europe than the reports (as distinct from the discovery itself) of Columbus. Because of Vespucci’s renown and because of his real accomplishments, the German geographer Martin Waldseemuller, in making his influential map of the new continent (1507), applied the name â€Å"America† to South America. Eventually, through popular usage, â€Å"America† came to be used for the North America as well. Vespucci’s voyage of 1501–1502 (under the flag of Portugal) along the coast of South America was the first extended exploration of the coast of the New World and the first to show clearly that the new lands were not a part of Asia but a new continent. That discovery is said by Vespucci’s partisans to justify naming the new continent America. Nevertheless, Vespucci has been vilified as a braggart and a windbag. Doubt has been cast on his accomplishments, although in recent decades they have in part been verified and shown to be substantial. Columbus’s first letter was printed and published in nine versions in 1493, and by 1500 it had appeared in nearly twenty editions. Yet his reports did not inspire the immediate outpouring of writing, personal and public, on the New World that might be expected. Indeed, from the last decades of the fifteenth century to the beginning decades of the seventeenth century, â€Å"four times as many books were devoted to the Turks and Asia as to America, and the proportion of books on Asia actually increased in the final decade† of that period (J. H. Elliot, The Old World and the New [1992] 12). When Columbus died in Vallodolid, Spain, in 1506, his death went unrecorded in the city chronicle. His fall to obscurity was in part caused by the fact that he was overbearing and irascible, creating many enemies. In addition,  the stories of his failures and his greed as a colonial administrator diminished him in the eyes of his contemporaries, further discouraging the celebration of his name in poems, romances, dramas, and histories. Columbus had failed to produce the expected supply of riches. He had failed to provide his voyages with effective chroniclers who could glorify his achievements, and he had no ability to effectively glorify himself in his written reports. Nor was he associated with a singular dramatic achievement—such as the conquest of the Aztec empire that raised Cortes to the stature of an epic hero. In the sixth century BC the Greek mathematician Pythagoras declared that the earth is a sphere. By the fifteenth century AD that fact was believed by the vast majority of educated Europeans. Yet a longstanding myth holds that Columbus was almost alone in believing that the earth is a sphere and for that belief suffered the ridicule of his learned contemporaries. The myth survives today, preserved in popular histories, tales, and even in popular song lyrics that proclaim: â€Å"They all laughed at Christopher Columbus /When he said the world was round. In reporting that he was the first to see a light in the distance, on the night of October 11, before the actual sighting of land on October 12, Columbus appears to claim that he was the first to see the Indies. Note also Columbus’s solicitation of support for further exploration, his offering, if â€Å"their highnesses will render very slight assistance,† to provide gold, spice, cotton, mastic, â€Å"aloe-wood,† and â€Å"slaves, as many as they shall order to be shipped. The explorers and conquerors of the New World in large measure based their justifications (stated or implied) for conquest on a.  the cultural superiority of the conquerors; b. the physical and mental inferiority of the conquered; c. the backwardness of the Americans’ culture and technical development; d. the obligation and the ability of the intruders to make better use of the land and its resources; e. the duty to bring Christianity to the heathen. Columbus does not use all such justifications. Note his report that the Indians are â€Å"of a very acute intelligence. † Modern critics of Columbus assert that his treatment of the Indians showed a disregard for their natural rights. But the popular idea that individuals have natural rights (much less â€Å"unalienable† natural rights) did not arise for several centuries. Columbus took possession of the newly discovered land â€Å"by proclamation made and with royal standard unfurled. † His act was not a dramatic gesture meant to awe the natives but a formal step (compare the flag planting by the American astronauts on the moon in 1969) to establish, according to the international law of the day, that the lands and their inhabitants were now the possessions of Spain and subject to Spanish authority. Having taken formal and legal possession of the land and its inhabitants for Spain, Columbus assumed that he, as a royal official, was therefore justified in capturing six Indians and returning them as exhibits to the Spanish king and queen, just as a royal official could order the lives of men and women in Spain itself. Because he believed that he had landed in the Indies, Columbus used the word â€Å"Indians† to describe the people he saw. In recent years the word has been attacked as inaccurate and demeaning, although Columbus did not intend it to be so. The substitute â€Å"Native American† has been advanced, and is the most widely preferred term. The term â€Å"Siberian American† has been offered in its place as a more accurate term, but it is seen as derisive by some and remains unpopular. Columbus reported of the Indians, â€Å"With 50 [European] men all of them could be held in subjection and can be made to do whatever one might wish. † Columbus was wrong. The attempt to coerce and enslave the men and women of the New World eventually failed. Yet the alluring idea of forcing native inhabitants to work for their conquerors long endured. For instance, John Smith reports of North American native inhabitants that they could be brought â€Å"all in subjection† and exploited by â€Å"forty or thirty† Englishmen. Discovery narratives traditionally report on the technical backwardness of the people of the discovered lands. In Columbus’s age the lack of technical development and the absence of metals such as iron and steel were taken as signs of primitive inferiority. In later ages, especially after the rise of the idea of the Noble Savage, a lack of technical achievement was taken as a sign of virtuous simplicity, of a life free of the dominance of the machine and the technological horrors that accompany it. Columbus describes the technical ignorance of the inhabitants and their unfamiliarity with metal-edged weapons: â€Å"I showed them swords and they took them by the edge and through ignorance cut themselves. † Compare John Smith’s report of the Indians’ fear of gunpowder and firearms their amazement at the movements of a compass needle. The technical ignorance of a reportedly benighted people has often been and is still used to justify their subjugation and colonization by a technically superior culture that asserts its right to conquer, usually because it can â€Å"make better use of the land. † In addition, there was recourse to the religious justification for colonization—the argument that Christians have the right and the duty to lead (by force if necessary) those living in spiritual darkness into the light of religious truth and to the blessings of heaven. The religious justification is offered as a benefit to the pagans themselves. The technological argument is not. Rather its end is the fruitful exploitation of the land and its natural resources for the colonizers. But even the technological argument for exploiting the land has its biblical justification in the declarations that the land exists for the benefit of man, who therefore has an obligation to exploit and â€Å"subdue† it (Genesis 1:28). That Columbus was a sincere believer in Christianity is not in doubt. His devout faith is evident inthe names he gave the first islands he encountered in the New World: San Salvador and Isla de Santa Maria de Concepcion. Yet his religious motives for colonizing the lands he discovered have sometimes been dismissed as a disguise for his true motives: greed for gold and desire to extract riches from the land. The desire for religious conversions and for gold is evident in almost all the early narratives of New World discovery. Columbus hoped to bring Christianity to the heathen by establishing the religion of Spain in the new lands. He had no desire to promote religious liberty and would have strongly resisted the idea. John Smith similarly believed that the English lands in North America should be colonized under the protection of an established church—the Church of England. It is worthwhile to compare the views of Columbus and Smith to the views of the Pilgrims and the Puritans who wished to escape what they believed to be an oppressive established church—though they themselves then demonstrated an oppressive narrowness with respect to departures from the confines of their views. Notice the appearance in Columbus’s reports of themes later apparent in American literature: a. America as a land suited to Christian evangelism and the ultimate coming of â€Å"the church triumphant† b. America as a paradise of exotic landscape and people and of simple and innocent life c. America as a place for economic, political, and spiritual opportunity and personal fulfillment. THOMAS HARIOT Thomas Hariot was among the first British explorers to arrive in the New World. Unlike Columbus, he was at least as much a scientist as an explorer. He was particularly interested in astronomy, optics, and the study of mathematics. Hariot’s A Briefe and True Report of the Newfound Land of Virginia gives perspectives on the New World that differ from Columbus’s in accordance with his intellectual interests, as well as his nationality and the part of the world (Virginia, as opposed to the West Indies) that he visited. The third, and final, part of his report, presented in the anthology, offers another view of the inhabitants of the newly discovered land. JOHN SMITH John Smith has been described as the author of â€Å"the first English book written in America† (for his A True Relation of Occurrences and Accidents in Virginia [1608]), and his work is seen as a forerunner of a native, American literature. Smith’s accounts are also an early example of New World writing that emphasizes human qualities commonly thought to be typically American. Note his references to a. Practicality; b. Boastfulness; c. dislike of showy elegance; d. desire to exploit the environment. Smith’s description of New England combines two images of the New World that were current in Europe in the seventeenth century: a.  the image of America as a paradise, a voluptuous land of easy riches b. the image of America as a land that would reward those showing the Protestant virtues of enterprise and willingness to work hard. The first image draws upon ancient myths that describe gardens of ease, joy, and eternal life. The second derives from the ideals of the capitalist middle class that rose to power with the end of feudalism in Europe. A third image, of America as a New Jerusalem, as a place for religious salvation, is not evident in Smith’s writings. Consider the rise to prominence of that third image after 1630 and the coming of the Puritans to Massachusetts Bay. Note how Smith writes of the visible, material world—describing plants, animals, and men—rather than the immaterial, speculative world of philosophy and theology. Smith assumed that the New World is for man’s exploitation, for his physical enjoyment, and for his earthly fulfillment—an assumption at odds with the Puritans’ view of the New World as a place of spiritual testing and of preparation for a fulfillment to be achieved only in heaven. Smith is often contrasted to the Puritans (and the Pilgrims), but there are these similarities: a. Both saw America as a place where individual men and women could escape from Old-World restraints and traditions. b. Both celebrated the possibility of communal, as well as individual regeneration in the lands claimed by England in the New World. c. Both condemned luxury and emphasized the virtues of hard work, abstinence, and enterprise. d. And both saw a life of ease and luxury as a sign of decay that portends inevitable destruction. Smith made no mention of religious freedom as a reason for colonizing. His own motives for colonizing (and what he believed to be the prime motives of others) were secular and materialistic: â€Å"For I am not so simple as to think that ever any other motive than wealth will ever erect there a commonwealth. † General History and his Description of New England are propaganda for colonization as much as they are descriptions of the New World. That is evident in the number and the variety of advantages he cites for colonization: a. profits for investors—†satisfaction of the adventurers†. Markets for English manufacturers—a letter survives, written by Smith to the London Society of Cordwainers (shoemakers) to point out that the Cordwainers, in their own self-interest, should support the settlement of Virginia because the rough land and the shell-strewn beaches of the New World were certain to wear out many shoes c. glory for the colonizers and their monarch—†eternizing of the memory† d. abundant raw materials, especially timber and naval stores. Some of the essentials for colonizing success set forth by Smith in A Description of New England (â€Å"provided always that first there be †): a. potent local government b. housing c. means of self-defense d. adequate provisions e. trained craftsmen Many reasons have been offered to explain why the Jamestown colonists failed to exert themselves sufficiently in establishing their colony: a. that too many of the colonists were â€Å"ne’er-do-wells† and gentlemen who were unused to hard work b. that the colonists were weakened by hunger and disease c. that the â€Å"communal basis† of the settlement discouraged individual enterprise. That many of the early colonizing reports, especially those written by the Spanish colonizers, encouraged the expectation that riches would be quickly found and profits quickly earned, that the â€Å"naturals† could be forced to supply the colonists with food, and that therefore diligent labor was unnecessary e. that the colonists expected their needs to be met by their London backers Note that none of the above explanations suggests that the English colonists, lacking government support such as the Spanish enjoyed, failed because their attempt to colonize Virginia at that time and place was simply beyond their abilities. Smith attributed the difficulties at Jamestown to dissension, weak government, lack of organization, and mistaken attempts by a central governing body (in London) to exert control at long distance. Such problems of government and society arose partly from human characteristics that later came to be considered distinctly American: a. radical individualism b. disrespect for law and governments c. hostility toward distant, central governments d. Contempt for traditions of rank, privilege, and authority Note how such characteristics were prominent among the causes of the American Revolution, 170 years later, and how those same characteristics win popular praise today. It is also notable that the American environment and its great distance from Europe prohibited the easy transfer to America of England’s a. feudal class structure; b. widespread belief in the worth of a noble class and an idle gentry; c. upper-class contempt for those in â€Å"trade† or whose jobs required hard, physical labor; d. high valuation of the contemplative, intellectual life; Customs of labor, farming, law, and political organization. The travel literature of the 16th and 17th centuries commonly reported incidents in which New World savages were awestruck by examples of European science and technology. When Powhatan’s followers captured Smith, in December 1607, he was first exhibited before neighboring tribes. Smith’s description of events permits the conclusion that the Indians displayed him as a great trophy because he was a noble warrior (for his brave resistance) and a mighty wizard (for his tricks with a compass). Perhaps a better reason for the exhibition before local sub-tribes and their chiefs was revealed in 1845 when a manuscript letter (written in 1608) by Edward Maria Wingfield, former President of the Colony (and Smith’s enemy), was discovered and published. Wingfield wrote: having him prisoner, [they] carried him to [their] neighbors to see if any of them knew him for one of those which had been, some two or three years before us, in a river amongst them northward and [had] taken away some Indians from them by force. At last [they] brought him to the great Powhatan (of whom before we had no knowledge) who sent him home to our town the 8th of January [1608]. Pocahontas’s formal, tribal name was â€Å"Matoaka. † The nickname â€Å"Pocahontas† (meaning â€Å"playfulone†) was given to her by her father, Powhatan. Such nicknames were common among the Native peoples in Virginia. Powhatan himself had the tribal name of â€Å"Wahunsonacock,† the name â€Å"Powhatan† later takenfrom the name of the region in which he ruled. At the time of their adventure, Smith was 28 and Pocahontas 12 or 13. She died in 1617 while on a visit to England, well before any detailed description of her rescue of Smith was published. It is not known whether Smith saw Pocahontas while she was in England, and little is known of her true character. In his History of Travel into Virginia Britannia (1612), William Strachey described Pocahontas as: a well featured but wanton young girl, Powhatan’s daughter, [who], sometimes resorting to our fort, of the age then of 11 or 12 years, [would] get the boys forth with her into the market place and made them [cart]wheel, falling on their hands turning their heels upwards, whom she would follow, and [cart]wheel so herself, naked as she was, all the fort over. It is interesting to consider what qualities in Strachey’s â€Å"wanton young girl† and Smith’s savior helped make her the first heroine of American myth and folklore. Some points to note: a. Pocahontas’s similarity to ancient mythic heroines, daughters of kings who protect a heroic stranger renounce their native lands and people, yet fail to marry the hero—heroines . b. the similarity of Pocahontas’s experiences to those told in the various medieval romances c. Pocahontas’s similarity to historical American Indian heroines, such as Sacagawea (who served as guide and interpreter for Lewis and Clark) and Malinche (interpreter for Cortes in his conquest of the Aztecs) d. Pocahontas’s early appearance in literature, first referred to in Ben Jonson’s play Staple of News (1625) and then the subject of later works, such as (1) The Female American (1767), a novel published in London and described as â€Å"a second Robinson Crusoe†, and (2) The Indian Princess (1808), an American play, the first of many Pocahontas dramas, and the first of the vastly popular â€Å"Indian Plays† of the nineteenth-century American stage.

Reader Response to A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, By Hemingway :: A Clean Well-Lighted Place Essays

Reader Response to A Clean, Well-Lighted Place In 1933, Ernest Hemmingway wrote A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. It's a story of two waiters working late one night in a cafe. Their last customer, a lonely old man getting drunk, is their last customer. The younger waiter wishes the customer would leave while the other waiter is indifferent because he isn't in so much of a hurry. I had a definite, differentiated response to this piece of literature because in my occupation I can relate to both cafe workers. Hemmingway's somber tale is about conquering late night loneliness in a bright cafe. The customer drinking brandy suffers from it and so does the older waiter. However, the younger waiter cannot understand loneliness because he probably hasn't been very lonely in his life. He mentions a couple times throughout the story that he wished to be able to go home to his wife, yet the old man and old waiter have no wives to go home to like he does. This story have a deeper meaning to me because I often am in a similar situation at work. For a little over three years, I've been a weekend bartender at an American Legion Club. I almost always work the entire weekends, open to close, which proves to be a tortorous schedule at times. Like the cafe in Hemmingway's tale, the Legion is a civilized place, often well lit, and quieter than most clubs. Because members have to either have served in the military during wartime or have a relative that did, the patronage is often older and more respectful than an average barroom. And because most members are older, they may not have a family to go home to, or they may be just a little more dismal because their lives have been longer and harder than most. In many ways, they are very much like the old man sipping brandy while hiding in the shadows of the leaves in Hemmingway's cafe. And in many ways, I am like the young waiter, anxious to leave. The young waiter seems selfish and inconsiderate of anyone else. In the beginning of the story, he's confused why the old man tried to kill himself. "He has plenty of money," he says, as if that's the only thing anyone needs for happiness. When the old man orders another drink, the younger waiter warns him that he'll get drunk, as if to waver his own responsibility rather than to warn the old man for his sake.

Understanding the Production of Biofuels in the United States

The current situation in the global demand for fuel is definitely becoming a global phenomenon, which develops to be a worldwide problem that directly affects the global society and the lives of people. Thus, for the past years, the global oil industry has experienced shortage and/or a crisis, which has caused the international oil price to increase with more than twice its normal rate. This global oil crisis and the higher rate of oil prices are indeed detrimental and difficult for the people and in the global economy.This problem results to more difficulties in the financial burden of the people and makes the global society suffer from the expensive rate of the crude oil and affects other major industries in its operation. Hence, with the continuous increase in worldwide oil price and the broadening campaign for global crisis, the production of biofuels is now regaining fame and significance amidst all these global issues. In this regard, this research paper concentrates on the top ic about the production and use of biofuels in the United States as an alternative to the ones that is already in the global mainstream oil market.The paper would work on investigating the process of the United States in producing biofuels by utilizing natural materials such as plants that are rich with the needed substances in making such oil product. Thus, this research would also focus on determining the positive and negative implications of producing biofuels, as an answer to the growing oil and energy crisis, among the major industries that would directly affected by such process of manufacturing biofuels. Probable Plants to be utilized for the Production of BiofuelsAs seen to be one of the richest countries in the globe and with the present resources they have, the United States of America is regarded to be one of the leading countries that produces large amount of biofuels, more specifically ethanol fuel and biodiesel, which alternatively supplies the local demand for oil to power vehicles. It is seen that ethanol and biodiesel are the primary biofuels utilized in the United States and as such, the country uses mainly corn kernels and soybeans in producing respective biofuels for local transportation and industry consumption.As of the present time, the United States uses corn kernels in producing bioethanol, which also utilizes a little fraction made from sorghum (Hagens). As such, through the use of corn crops alone, the United States is able to produce 4. 9 billion gallons of ethanol in 2006. On the other hand, the production of biodiesel in the United States uses mainly soybean oil and other vegetable oils where in the same year of 2006, the country has produced 100 million gallons biodiesel out of these natural resources (Hagens).Moreover, other major countries that also produces biofuels as an alternative oil to power up their local transportation and industry also uses relatively the same natural resources with the ones that the United States has been using in their own production (Hagens). For instance, Brazil, one of the leading producers of bioethanol, also uses corn kernels being one of the countries which produces large amount of corn crops (Hagens).As for the developing countries such as the Philippines, the productions of biofuels just in their beginnings where the plants to be use for such process depends on the location and available plant resources. In the Philippines, plants like Jathropa Curcas or better known as Physic nut is given more attention as one of the potential primary natural resources in producing biodiesel and cassava perennial plant in processing bioethanol fuels (Varona). How this plants grown and processed to produce biofuelsPlanting and growing these plants in producing biofuels requires typical way plant farming, which only requires a certain demand for fossil fuel consumption for the entire process of producing biofuels. As for the plant that produces bioethanol such as the corn, the process of planting and growing is seen to be tricky that entails possible negative results in the environment (Biodiesel Edges Out Ethanol). Firstly, the corn is often globally regarded as a crop that is not environmentally friendly, which requires enormous quantities of fertilizers and pesticides in growing.Study shows that the impact of large-scale cultivation has negative adverse effects on the environment wherein the soil becomes uncultivable after the harvesting of corns that requires certain amount of time for recovery (Keim). As for the growing of soybean that is being used in producing biodiesel, the planting process is relatively easier but also environmentally unfriendly. To be able to achieve the greatest quality of soy beans for biodiesel production, though soybeans is adaptable to different conditions of soil, seeds must be planted in a top quality soil and in temperate weather.Thus, the impact of soybean large-scale cultivation entails negative adverse effects in the environmen t wherein through this entire process of planting and growing, the healthy and fertile soil and water are being polluted through the use of detrimental chemicals such as pesticide and fertilizer (Soybean Production). Production Process for Corn The process involved in producing ethanol out of corn involves several processes. The first step includes addition of water to grains which have been previously grounded (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†).The mixture of water and grounded grains is subjected to high temperatures under the liquefaction process and alpha-amylase are added (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†). After which, it goes through fermentation where yeast is used in order for the sugars to be fermented, which then produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†). The beer produced in the fermentation tanks proceed through a distillation system that separates the ethanol and leaves a â€Å"whole still age† (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†). In the â€Å"whole stillage† the solids are separated from the liquid through the process of centrifugation.Afterwards, an evaporation step is done for the liquid portion to remove any excess water and leaves condensed syrup (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†). This condensed syrup is placed back with the grains of wet distillers and is dried to come up with DDGS or â€Å"distillers’ dried grains with solubles† (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†). A diagram for this process is shown below: Production Process for Soybean The main process through which soybean can be turned into soy biodiesel is called transesterification, which makes soybean oil transform into esters (â€Å"How to Make Soy Biodiesel From Scratch†).In the said process, the oil of the soybean is separated and its glycerine sinks at the bottom and the soybean biodesel goes to the surface (â€Å"Ho w to Make Soy Biodiesel From Scratch†). When this happens, the soybean biodiesel is siphoned (â€Å"How to Make Soy Biodiesel From Scratch†). Efficient Producers of Biofuels In a sense, the fully developed countries like the United States and Brazil are regarded as efficient producers of biofuels as compared to the other developing countries that are having a hard time establishing and starting a reliable way of producing biofuels.Unlike any other countries, the United States and Brazil are the top producers of biofuels, more specifically the bioethanol, which made them successful in attending to their local demands for clean fuels for energy consumption. In addition to this, the European countries also are among the top and efficient producers of another biofuel which is that of the biodiesel that normally caters to the demand of clean diesel fuel for their local vehicle and transportation. In these countries, there is a reliable means of producing these biofuels due t o the available resources as compared to other countries.Plants Consumption for Biofuel and its effect in the Global Food Prices With the trend in using some of the major plants for producing biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel, this entire process entails negative impacts in the supply and price of food in the worldwide market, more especially among the developing countries. Thus, there are reports that the consumption of plants, more specifically with corns and soybeans, creates shortage on the supply for human consumption as food. As such? in most of the countries across the globe, the production of biofuels is being blamed to be the number one cause of global food crisis.In addition to this, such consumption of plants for biofuel production generates shortage and difficulties for developing countries with the continuous increase in the price of food in the global market (Lovgren). Conclusion In the end, the production of biofuels as an alternative solution for the ever loo ming energy crisis is indeed a brilliant idea and a positive approach to resolve such global problem. However, the countries which serve as the major producers of biofuels must also ensure the welfare of the people and do this in such a way that is not harmful for the public and the environment.Thus, the major biofuel producers must also continue to do research with the purpose of discovering other ways of producing biofuels aside from consuming plants that are supposed to be allotted for human consumption to be able to avoid the competition between the interest of the public and need for resolving the looming global energy crisis. Work Cited Aoko, Sam. 12 World’s Largest Biofuel Plants. Eco Worldly. 18 November 2009 < http://ecoworldly. com/2008/04/23/12-worlds-largest-biofuel-plants/> Biodiesel Edges Out Ethanol. Last Updated July 18, 2006. RenewableEnergyWorld. com. 18 February 2009 < http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2006/07/biodiesel-edges-out-ethanol -45457> Hagens, Nate. The Implications of Biofuel Production for United States Water Supplies. The Oil Drum. 18 February 2009 â€Å"How to Make Soy Biodiesel From Scratch. † 2009. All Soy Products. 18 February 2009 . Keim, Brandon. Corn-Based Biofuels Spell Death for Gulf of Mexico. Last Updated March 13, 2008. CondeNet, Inc. 18 February 2009 Lovgre, Stefan. Hardy Plant May Ease Biofuels' Burden on Food Costs.Last Updated April 21, 2008. National Geographic Society. 18 February 2009 Soybean Production. Last Updated February 18, 2009. National Soybean Research Laboratory. 18 February 2009 â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products. † University of Saskatchewan. 18 February 2009 . Varona, Bernice. Power plants: University spearheads biofuel R&D. UP System Information Office. 18 February 2009 < http://www. up. edu. ph/upnewsletter. php? i=321>