How internal marking affects service quality Essay Example

How internal marking affects service quality Essay Example How internal marking affects service quality Essay How internal marking affects service quality Essay How internal marker affects Service Quality?: The instance of Travel Expert Abstraction Service quality is viewed as client satisfaction ( Bolton and Drew 1991 ; Boulding et Al, 1993 ) , client keeping ( Reichheld and Sasser 1990 ) and positive word of oral cavity, ( Swanson and Kelley, 2001 ) .A Service quality is about ever defined in footings of client perceived quality, which in itself is a map of expected and experienced quality ( Brown et al. , 1991 ; Gronroos, 1990a ; Zeithaml et at, 1990, 1991 ) . Therefore, a service of the good quality should be adapted to the client s demands and thereby fulfill his or her demands. Service quality extremely depends on what happens to the direct actions of employees and the interactions between employees and clients particularly in service industry. Front-line contact forces are of import elements of consumers perceptual experiences every bit good as of import elements of the selling mix that impact on quality criterions. Lumsodon 1997, stated that internal selling as logical extension of the selling mix consideration to recognize their employees as assets. 1. Introduction Travel Expert is a moderate-sized IATA travel bureau in Hong Kong was established in 1986 and has a rapid growing from 1 chief office to more than 40 subdivisions within last 10 years.A It employs more than 150 staffs from diverse civilizations and backgrounds and provides specialized services managing up-market leisure travel and high quality corporate travel. In the past five old ages, Travel Expert has gained a repute for the high quality of its professional services and has become a market leader in the quickly turning leisure and corporate travel sector. Because of fast growth of the company, its human resource section recruits 4-5 travel advisers to apportion in each new subdivision lead by a subdivision director to provide to the concern growing. Erratically, concern volume dropped dramatically after six months and doing a batch of client ailments due to staff deficiency of internal communicating and inter-departmental supports led to hapless service provided to clients. Major grounds are no initiation preparation is provided for new staff one time employment has been accepted. For those who freshly join Travel Expert are non cognizant of the company s policy, patterns, processs, criterions and other demand of the company although they may hold experience elsewhere in a different set. It is critical that for human resource to develop employees who are recruited and give a clear image of the company to go portion of the specific organizational civilization and web ( Paauwe, J A ; Boselie, P. 2003 ) .Case survey for this paper explores the challenges faced to Travel Expert and how internal selling affects service quality. 2. Literature Reappraisal The construct of internal selling was foremost introduced in the mid of 1970s but was non advocated by service industry during these period. The doctrine of internal selling is treated the employees as internal clients in order to do the employees happy, their external clients will fulfill because of the employees face- to-face interacting with clients will impact service quality ( Palmer A, 2008 ) . Berry ( 1980 ) , defined in early 80s that the impression of internal selling to pattern selling to the non-marketers ( internal employees ) who serve the external clients. Lings ( 1999 ) , besides stated that back uping non merely limited to the customer-contact employees and all back uping service staffs to work as a squad to supply services to external clients are every bit of import such as accounting section, fining squad and merchandise squad who will impact on the quality of services bringing to the external customers.A Harmonizing to Kotler ( 1994 ) , internal selling must happe n before external selling and it is more reasonable for all employees to acquire ready to supply first-class service to external customers.A Internal selling procedure requires employee s engagement and committedness which align with administration s strategic program ( Mowday, Porter, A ; Steers, 1982 ) . Other concerns such as employment security and a sense of belonging will do employees to the full committed to their work force ( Pfeffer, 1995 ) ; occupation satisfaction can be viewed as one s assessment of the occupation features and emotional experiences at work ( Weiss A ; Cropanzano, 1996 ) will play an of import function of internal selling. 3. Identify Service bringing Many human resource direction and top directors seem to hold neer learnt or non of all time been taught the about clients or service and, a concern which relies on client interaction or service must gain that human capital requires committedness, attending and monitoring. Fitzsimmons A ; Fitzsimmons ( 1994, pp.295 ) say that continual betterment in productiveness and quality must be portion of its scheme and corporate civilization to accomplish competitory for a service firm.A Therefore, it is of import for Travel Expert to incorporate internal selling with its strategic direction procedure. Although a basic quality system for client service betterment or service degree understanding has ever existed, the travel advisers of Travel Expert have non been able to adhere to demands to do a batch of ailments and staff low productivities.A The grounds are ill-defined guidelines and the company s policy patterns, processs, criterions and other demand of the company.A The usual demand expressed by this client group is High quality . For the past five old ages, Travel Expert s initial construct has been a chiseled vision focused on presenting a high quality service. All strategic programs and actions are directed towards the sweetening of this really of import characteristic to pull clients in a extremely competitory market. Quality is besides identified as the prioritized public presentation aim on which the company has to stand out. Schmenner ( 1995 ) emphasizes that Quality means conformityto the service specifications as valued by clients and Olsen ( 1996 ) accent that Quali ty is concerned with providing superior benefits based on the sentiment of the client. The chase of quality is the chase of greater client benefit . It is critical hence for the company to implement an appropriate quality system to keep this of import competitory border. Furthermore, contradiction occurs between for front-line staffs need to accomplish the bi-monthly productiveness mark or pass more clip supplying professional advice to clients to keep a high quality criterion. In add-on, no initiation preparation and unequal preparation is provided are provided.A A In these fortunes, struggles occur due to the precedence of public presentation aims and alterations caused by menaces from the external environment. Conversely, the vague or deficient service categorization implies to the subdivision directors in Travel Expert that there is struggle in the demand for goods and services. Competition is fierce in today s concern environment and service quality is going progressively recognized as the premier consideration in many buying determinations. There is small uncertainty that quality is an indispensable portion of the selling mix as companies seek effectual ways to distinguish their services from those of their rivals. There are legion service quality instruments widely recognized and some writers ( Pakdil and Aydin, 2007 ; Gilbert and Wong, 2003 ; Park et al. , 2004 ) advocate SERVQUAL as an appropriate and dependable theoretical account to find the service quality. Benchmarking, Total Quality Management and ISO9000 are developed to run into the service demands. For illustration, the ISO 9000 series is a set of global criterions that establishes demands for companies quality direction systems. ISO 9000 is being used world-wide to supply a model for quality confidence therefore appropriate quality direction is of import to Travel Expert to enable it to better its quality and to supply high quality production without waste, to be error free and to increase to rush to cut down costs well. Ill-defined guidelines in company policy and the vague or deficient service categorization conveys the incorrect significance to staff at Travel Expert. Operation staff and directors do non cognize how to better the public presentation aims of the operation to accomplish the end of mistake free procedures ( internally ) and besides satisfy their clients ( externally ) by supplying error-free merchandises and services fit for the intent intended . If the operation succeeds in accomplishing all this it will give a quality advantage to Travel Expert. Designation of countries necessitating quality betterment As mentioned antecedently, quality is of the extreme importance, and in a travel bureau, client service is high on the list of precedences. Cost film editing programmes and other steps were finally brought in with the company choosing cost as a determiner of fight selling low cost inclusive Tourss as their public presentation aim. Six months following execution of the public presentation aim, there was found to be a bead of 30 per centum in both leisure and corporate travel concern due to the fact that all the travel advisers were passing their clip selling low cost bundles, concern with a of high net income border, but more clip must be spent on the client and this caused a loss. On the other manus, heavy work loads were shared by the travel advisers who stayed with the company and so at that place was non plenty manpower to function the high quality corporate travel side of the concern. Heavy work loads and the alteration in the type of client indirectly caused a alteration of staff. of competitiveness merchandising low cost inclusive Tourss as their public presentation aim. Six months following execution of the public presentation aim, there was found to be a bead of 30 per centum in both leisure and corporate travel concern due to the fact that all the travel advisers were passing their clip selling low cost bundles, concern with a of high net income border, but more clip must be spent on the client and this caused a loss. On the other manus, heavy work loads were shared by the travel advisers who stayed with the company and so at that place was non plenty manpower to function the high quality corporate travel side of the concern. Heavy work loads and the alteration in the type of client indirectly caused a alteration of staff. The challenges faced by top direction at Travel Expert were how to carry through the public presentation aims of equilibrating both costs and and quality . . The Quality System Service Classification The debut of a service categorization strategy at Travel Expert could assist to put the way of the operation and interrupt down the industry barriers. Schmenner ( 1995, pp.25 ) says that service procedures can be categorized into 4 types of operation as follows: Service Factory Service Shop Mass Service Professional Service A different grade of customization/interaction and labour strength will take to assorted challenges. ( Mention to appendixA A A ___1___ ) Different classs of services will be adopted to supply waies for bettering quality, productiveness and operating efficiency to accommodate the concern demands of a different/new client group.A A Fitzsimmons A ; Fitzsimmons ( 2000, pp.90 ) say that: Many operations will be able to adhere to their traditional operations picks, and selling force per unit areas for increased customization and the coevals of wholly new service operations that are pressed to transform themselves A A A Directors of service in any class, whether service mill, service store, mass service or professional service, portion similar challenges and it is the important for persons inA each company to happen options to get the better of the inevitable challenges or to bridge the spreads. Two types of service are in operation at Travel Expert: Leisure Travel : A The concern is operated as a: A The concern is operated as a Professional Service. There is no fixed form of bundle and the client is able to take whichever air hose they wish to go by, the hotel preferred or optional Tourss to fall in. Hence, the client seeking professional service is given single attending. The Travel Expert adviser spends much clip supplying professional advice even if merely selling to one person client, for illustration, excess attempt or energy is put into explicating the air hose service, sightseeing points at the finish, the civilization and geographic information of the finish, hotel installations and visa application processs. The form of professional service involves: High labour intensity/high interaction and high grade of customization. On the contrary, a There is no fixed form of bundle and the client is able to take whichever air hose they wish to go by, the hotel preferred or optional Tourss to fall in. Hence, the client seeking professional service is given single attending. The Travel Expert adviser spends much clip supplying prof essional advice even if merely selling to one person client, for illustration, excess attempt or energy is put into explicating the air hose service, sightseeing points at the finish, the civilization and geographic information of the finish, hotel installations and visa application processs. The form of professional service involves: High labour intensity/high interaction and high grade of customization. On the contrary, a Service Factory provides a standardised service with low labors intensity/low interaction and low customization. provides a standardised service with low labors intensity/low interaction and low customization. There was a contradiction between clients and Travel Expert once the company public presentation aim had been changed to that of selling low cost inclusive Tourss as a service mill. A spread between a client s outlooks of a service versus perceptual experience of bringing provided by Travel Expert will still supply a professional service company. The spread that was created was the disagreement between service bringing and external communicating promises to supply the accomplishment, expertness and professionalism with which the service is executed. This includes the transporting out of right executing of client instructions, grade of merchandise or service cognition exhibited by the travel adviser, the rendition of a good circuit merchandise, sound advice and the general ability to make a good job.A A A The spreads in service ( Appendix 2 ) are therefore created. Johnston A ; Clark ( 2001, pp.81 ) say that, When we talk about service quality from an operation position we normally mean the quality of the service we deliver, i.e. does it systematically meet the specification for that service? This, of class, may be different to how a client sees the service ( their perceived service quality ) , and therefore there may be a mismatch between a client s outlooks of a service and their perceptual experience of its bringing. A A A Corporate Travel: Business was carried out as Business was carried out as aService Shop. The chief aims were flexibleness and velocity in supplying a competitory service to corporate travel. A service store involves low intensity/high interaction and a high grade of customization. On the contrary, clients of a The chief aims were flexibleness and velocity in supplying a competitory service to corporate travel. A service store involves low intensity/high interaction and a high grade of customization. On the contrary, clients of a Mass Service will have an uniform service with high labors intensity/low interaction and low customization.A Past experiences by the client signifier the footing of his or her perceptual experience of the service. It is of import that the operations director of Travel Expert offers a entire experience for the client that is consistent with the coveted service bundle. The being of any one of these spreads is likely to ensue in a mismatch between outlooks and perceptual experiences ensuing in hapless sensed quality. It is hence of import that operation directors in these two sections realize the construct of their service categorizations and agreement appropriate focal point to allow public presentation aims. will have an uniform service with high labors intensity/low interaction and low customization.A Past experiences by the client signifier the footing of his or her perceptual experience of the service. It is of import that the operations director of Travel Expert offers a entire experience for the client that is consistent with the coveted service bundle. The being of any one of these spreads is likely to ensue in a mismatch between outlooks and perceptual experiences ensuing in hapless sensed quality. It is hence of import that operation directors in these two sections realize the construct of their service categorizations and agreement appropriate focal point to allow public presentation aims. Measuring the spread between expected service and sensed service is a everyday client feedback procedure and it is a step of service quality ; satisfaction is either negative or positive. A monthly study issued by Travel Expert showed an country which needs bettering as it was found in both Leisure and Corporate Travel, that delays had been experienced in answering to clients. This was identified by: Current Service Quality system Reports of telephone response ( voice mail/call dorsums ) -Automatic Call Distribution ( ACD ) showed that merely 75 % calls were returned within 30 proceedingss which was the standard clip set by the company. -Automatic Call Distribution ( ACD ) showed that merely 75 % calls were returned within 30 proceedingss which was the standard clip set by the company. Report of abandoned calls -An Automatic Call Distribution study showed that 20 calls were left unattended by travel advisers each hebdomad. -An Automatic Call Distribution study showed that 20 calls were left unattended by travel advisers each hebdomad. Letterss of ailment Around 5 letters of ailment were received each month. Around 5 letters of ailment were received each month. Survey signifiers completed by clients Feedback from two clients utilizing the leisure travel section showed that the travel adviser merely introduced a low cost bundle vacation without taking any clip patiently to orient do a honeymoon trip for them. Feedback from two clients utilizing the leisure travel section showed that the travel adviser merely introduced a low cost bundle vacation without taking any clip patiently to orient do a honeymoon trip for them. Customer service Ailments were received from corporate clients that travel advisers were non proactive and failed to guarantee the best available monetary value on paths. Merely 80 % truth in the Management Information System Report was able to be fulfilled and this was delivered to the client by the histories section. Ailments were received from corporate clients that travel advisers were non proactive and failed to guarantee the best available monetary value on paths. Merely 80 % truth in the Management Information System Report was able to be fulfilled and this was delivered to the client by the histories section. Ticket bringing some ailments were received from corporate clients that merely 75 % of tickets delivered were on clip. some ailments were received from corporate clients that merely 75 % of tickets delivered were on clip. Delaying refunds on air tickets, hotels and Tourss some ailments were received from both leisure and corporate clients that refunds were non made within a two month timeframe. some ailments were received from both leisure and corporate clients that refunds were non made within a two month timeframe. Quality Control Tools at Travel Expert As antecedently described, a basic quality system for the Level of Service Agreement has been implemented by Travel Expert. This is reviewed annually in the Level of Service Agreement and is provided by operations directors so that each member of staff may supervise the public presentation of service of other members of staff. In this Level of Service Agreement, the bulk of factors involve client service demands and the contents included are as follows: and is provided by operations directors so that each member of staff may supervise the public presentation of service of other members of staff. In this Level of Service Agreement, the bulk of factors involve client service demands and the contents included are as follows: Limit abandoned calls 10 % . Turn around clip for voice mail or call dorsums within 30 proceedingss. Answer all entrance calls within 3 rings. Keep calls on clasp for under 2 proceedingss. Greet clients in complete sentences. Offer other side merchandises eg. insurance, auto lease, hotel adjustment, optional Tourss as a standard demand. A missive of ailment missive must be acknowledged within 2 hours and handled within 2 yearss. Survey signifiers are a method to mensurate external public presentation by seeking sentiments from corporate travel clients quarterly to better the reserve procedure, enhance reactivity, salvage on cost and bring forth reserve truth. Travel Consultant Performance Appraisal is to be carried out at the terminal of the twelvemonth. The assessment will sum up the overall public presentation of the travel adviser throughout the whole twelvemonth. This Level of Service Agreement is the nucleus tool to mensurate the public presentation of staff. Nevertheless, ill-defined guidelines, company policy, vague or deficient service categorization and revised public presentation aim caused mishandling and hapless service to clients. On the other manus, it was demonstrated in the monthly study that the jobs were non merely happening with front-line staff but besides back-office staff ( couriers for ticket bringing and accounting staff for refunds/MIS studies ) .A A A Quality Improvement Definition of Quality: A A Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons ( 2001, pp.12 ) say that: Successful growing of the service sector will depend on invention and skilled direction that will advance an moral principle of uninterrupted betterment in quality and productiveness Due to fortunes whereby ailments were received from clients and mishandled, a quality system specializer was invited to ease a major quality betterment programme.A This was conceived as a extremist betterment through the execution of a break-through programme-Business procedure re-engineering ( BPR ) .A BPR is typical of the extremist discovery manner of undertaking betterment. It is blend of a figure of thoughts which have been used in operations direction for some clip. The just-in-time construct, procedure flow charting, critical scrutiny in method survey, operations web direction and customer-focused operations all contribute to the BPR redesign procedure. Hammer A ; Champy ( 1993, pp.32 ) define BPR as: The cardinal rethinking and extremist design of concern procedures to accomplish dramatic betterments in critical, modern-day steps of public presentation, such as cost, quality, service and velocity It shortly became evident nevertheless that the BPR undertaking was non accomplishing the anticipated sustainable betterments and it besides became clear that BPR is frequently treated as the latest direction craze. BPR attempts to fling uneconomical activities and concentrate on simpleness and logical ordination. Information engineering has a critical function to play as the cardinal enabler of concern procedures. The frequently important usage of information engineering enables extremist alterations but besides create a beginning of complexness that can sabotage betterment. Implementing BPR requires the formation of a high-ranking squad with a title-holder to co-ordinate action and besides requires a clear apprehension of current procedures, facilitated by procedure function. On the other manus, insufficient accomplishments for employees to get by with the new organisation will do defeat and interrupt to routine work during alteration programme. BPR is clearly a hazardous activity, both because current procedures are rejected and besides because of the high capital outgo required and frequent trust on information engineering. Another cardinal factor in its failure is, because BPR topographic points accent on concern procedures, systems and construction, the people factor tends to be overlooked, ignored or under-estimated ( Clark 1995, pp.68 ) . Indeed, because of the occupation losingss incurred in such extremist alteration, BPR has become synonymous with acquiring rid of staff or retrenchment. The company is hence recommended to see a uninterrupted betterment programme to heighten its quality public presentation, as although there will non be extremist alteration, a impulse of betterment can be built up bit by bit. Yasin and Zimmerer ( 1995 ) say that: The aim of the uninterrupted quality betterment attempt is to guarantee inter-quality and attachment to procedure criterions, therefore forestalling dearly-won internal failure and the jobs associated with it Introduction to Total Quality Management Travel Expert evaluated that the Breakthrough attack did non bring forth a important upturn and hence introduced the Entire Quality Management ( TQM ) attack as a solution frontward bettering the organization.A TQM is focused on service and involves non merely actuating people, but besides put ining systems to prolong uninterrupted improvement.A It begins with the top direction undergoing a vision alliance and all sections are to organize with each other to accomplish the common goal.A A Execution of Entire Quality Management Deming ( 1992, pp.23-96 ) provided an extended list of ways that statistical thought can be good in service houses and in the administrative maps of all sorts of organizations.A The basic doctrine is that quality and productiveness addition as process variableness lessenings. Harmonizing to Deming ( 1992, pp.23-96 ) there are 14 points for quality betterment: Create stability of intent Adopt a new doctrine Cease dependance on review End presenting concern on monetary value Improve invariably the system of production and service Institute preparation on the occupation Institute leading Drive out fright Break down barriers between sections Eliminate mottos and exhortations Eliminate quotas and work criterion Give people pride in their occupation Institute instruction and self-improvement plans Put everyone to work to carry through it A company-wide quality-improvement programme assumes that all employees have the capacity for self-motivation and originative idea. Employees are given support, and their thoughts are solicited in an environment of common dignity. The PDCA rhythm is the sequence of activities which is undertaken on a cyclical footing to better activities. ( Deming, 1982 ) as explained below, the acronym PDCA is as follows: Plan collection and analysing informations associating to the country of improvement.A Plan action to be taken. Make present the action to be taken Check step and confirm the consequences Act rectify as appropriate A TQM attack aims to run into the demands and outlooks of clients and implies seting clients as top precedence for all quality determination making.A This could nevertheless be really hard because perceptual experience and outlook of service from each different person will vary.A Percepts of the public presentation of a merchandise have been studied by Swan and Comb ( 1994, pp.64-83 ) .A They differentiate instrumental public presentation, which is a map of the merchandise, from expressive public presentation, which is a map of those properties of the merchandise which are related to a psychological degree of satisfaction. Psychological satisfaction from a merchandise or service will be influenced by a figure of factors such as the temper of the client and the feeling of the client towards the individual presenting the merchandise or service. These factors are subjective and personal. Other factors upseting client satisfaction are the 5 service spreads in the Service Quality Model as outlined in Appendix 2.A For Travel Expert, the outlook from the leisure travel clients is defined as premium guest service. They required in deepness inside informations about their travel such as the quality of air hose service and hotels, attractive forces, transit information and visa demands of the destination.A A The outlook from the corporate travel client is on the other manus of flexible and rapid service.A Harmonizing to Muhlemann and Lockyer, 1992, pp.97-103, for an organisation to be genuinely effectual, every individual portion of it, each section, each activity, and each individual and each degree including top direction, must work decently together, because every individual and every activity affects and in bend is affected by others. TQM recognizes the fact that everyone is a client ( internal client ) to person ( provider ) within the organization.A The construct of internal client and provider and the internal customer-supplier relationship are to be introduced in TQM.A Whenever, jobs arise anyplace in this relationship, the service will be disturbed.A Mistakes happening in any micro operation will finally impact the service to the clients. Everyone in the organisation is capable of bettering the public presentation and assisting others in the organisation to better theirs.A As mentioned in the quality related cost earlier, it is each individual s duty to acquire quality right which can cut down the costs taking to quality betterments. Hostage ( 1975, pp.98-106 ) say that: Employees must themselves be happy to be able to delight clients The concern of a service company will be affected by the service delivered to the client and hence, the service forces who have direct contact with the clients need non merely to be good trained, but besides to be happy about their work. Travel Expert scheduled a figure of direction strategic planning Sessionss led by the General Manager to discourse and aline the direction schemes and practices.A A After the aims and action programs were laid-down, the director of each functional squad communicated with the frontline employees.A Employees hence understood the ground why and how to accomplish the objectives.A Employee involvement and engagement are indispensable for uninterrupted betterment and there must be a committedness and construction to the development of Travel Expert employees, with acknowledgment that they are an plus that appreciates over clip. This shifts the accent fromreactive( waiting for something to go on ) toproactive( making something before anything happens ) a alteration in the position of quality costs that has come about with a motion from an inspect-in ( appraisal-driven ) attack, to a design-in ( acquiring it right first clip ) attack. Service is an experience for the client and any failure becomes a narrative for that client to others. Service directors must acknowledge that disgruntled clients non merely will take their hereafter concern elsewhere but besides tell others about the unhappy experience, therefore ensuing in a important loss of future concern. Quality costs are normally classified into bar costs, assessment costs, internal failure cos

W.E.B. Du Bois on Woman Suffrage

W.E.B. Du Bois on Woman Suffrage This article originally appeared in the June 1912 issue of The Crisis, a journal considered one of the leading forces in the New Negro Movement and the Harlem Renaissance, addressing a failure on the part of the National American Woman Suffrage Association to support a resolution condemning the Southern disenfranchisement of African Americans, in law and in practice. Du Bois, a leading black intellectual of the day and key founder of the NAACP, and a supporter in general of womens suffrage, was editor of The Crisis. The next year, a suffrage march would be marked by a request by the white leadership for black women to march at the back, so we know that this essay did not immediately transform the suffrage movement to include fully the voices of people of color. Du Bois uses the term suffragette in the title, but in the article uses the more common term at the time, suffragist.   The language is that of 1912, when this was written, and may be uncomfortable and different from expectations of today.   Colored people and Negro were, as may be obvious by Du Bois use, the respectful words of the time for people of color and for Black people. Full article: Suffering Suffragettes by W. E. B. Du Bois, 1912 Summary: Du Bois points out that the suffrage movement is wincing a bit and produces a letter from Anna Shaw, defending the suffrage movements commitment to justice to women, white and colored, and says that no women were excluded from the recent convention in Louisville on account of race.Shaw repeats a rumor that at the Louisville convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, a resolution condemning disfranchisement of colored people in the South was not allowed to come to the floor, and says she did not feel it was snowed under but was simply not acted on.Du Bois points out that Martha Gruening had attempted to have a colored delegate introduce a resolution from the floor, and that Anna Shaw had refused to invite her to the convention.Resolved, that the women who are trying to lift themselves out of the class of the disfranchised, the class of the insane and criminal, express their sympathy with the black men and women who are fighting the same battle and recognize that i t is as unjust and as undemocratic to disfranchise human beings on the ground of color as on the ground of sex. Further, Du Bois reproduces a letter from Anna Shaw from before the convention about opposing the resolution being introduced, as it would do more to harm the success of our convention in Louisville than all the other things that we do would do good.In this Shaw letter, she also contends that the worst enemy of white womens vote is colored men who would go straight to the polls and defeat us every time.Du Bois says that we have repeatedly shown that contention about colored men defeating woman suffrage is false. See also the related article, Two Suffrage Movements, by Martha Gruening, mentioned in the article above.   It was published a few months after this one.   And for a biography of one of Du Bois wives, see  Shirley Graham Du Bois  on this site.

Research Strategy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Research Strategy Paper - Essay Example This would mean that I remain glued to the tasks and actions, and thus devise ways and means through which I remain committed to the cause of managing my time domains. I can learn to manage time well on my hands because this is something that can be acquired through proper research and understanding. If I make an effort to follow the small tasks in small time zones, I believe I can take a giant leap forward. This will be a positive change that will bring in success as I have envisaged for myself in the past and even in the present times. Also I need to determine the extent to which I am ready to adhere to a strict timeline for my own self, as this would require strict vigilance and control, and ask of me to give my very best when it comes to the completion of tasks and adherence to the time zones that I have thus created. It should be noted here that the information for time management can be gathered through Internet and library as well. I can seek the same through different websites and by visiting libraries and accessing books, journals and magazines. I can find out a whole deal of information by visiting these places which are a source of abundant information and detail which is relevant to the domains of time management in essence. I will analyze the validity of my claims as to whether or not I will be doing what I have thought about and how closely I will be following the principle of adhering to the timelines for my own self. This is a very important premise and my perspectives should be very clear because I need to achieve a lot in a short period of time. This is something that comes in an automated fashion but in the beginning shall pose as a point of deterrence because I have to learn how to manage time before actually doing this all on my own. I have been known to collect good information and research on a number of different subjects and topics and hence the reason that I believe success will dawn upon me as I

Art histort 300-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art histort 300-2 - Essay Example † that started in New York, where individuals frequently interacted with each other, and share a common approach to making art, even when the appearance of their paintings diverged in many ways (Carr, n.d.). This common approach married the forms, purposes, colors, and shapes of Expressionism and Abstract Art. After World War II, a small group of American painters who lived in New York developed an artistic innovation (Carr, n.d.). They were called the â€Å"Rebel Painters of the 1950s† and included Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky, Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, Adolph Gottlieb, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Mark Rothko, and Clyfford Still (Carr, n.d.). These artists rejected both social realism and geometric abstraction, two leading strains in American art in the 1930s (Carr, n.d.). Abstract Expressionists focused on expressing elusive ideas and experiences. For Pollock, Gorky, and de Kooning, their subjects were autobiographical and came from their sheer need to paint and express themselves. In Gorky’s â€Å"The Artist and His Mother† paintings, they were often compared to Ingress for simplicity of lines and to Picasso for color and structure. Pollock is known for his abstract expressionist paintings, such as Number 1, 1950 (Lavende r Mist), where his subconscious seemed to have controlled the flow of action in the painting. de Kooning’s Woman V (1952-53) has Gorkys surrealist style and Picassos form and shape. Mark Rothko fluently described their Abstract Expressionist art: â€Å"Art was not about an experience, but was itself the experience† (Carr, n.d.). Abstract Expressionism developed in the social setting of the Depression era. During this time, artists like Gorky and de Kooning, for instance, lived near each other and became good friends (Carr, n.d.). de Kooning also befriended Rothko, Philip Guston and Barnett Newman (Carr, n.d.). The friendships and solidarity among the Abstract Expressionists were strengthened by

The New World Essay Example for Free

The New World Essay That idea of a distant paradise on earth shaped the way Europeans came to think of America after Columbus and his successors reported their discoveries. For example, the following mythic lands may have served as inspirations for the alluring idea of America as a place of joy, ease, riches, and regeneration: a. the Garden of the Hesperides of Greek myth b. the Elysian Fields described by the poet Homer c. the Islands of the Blessed, described by Hesiod, Horace, and Pindar d. Atlantis, described by Plato in the Timaeus and the Critias e. the Garden of Eden f. the Fortunate Isles, described in the Voyage of St. Brendan (ninth century) g. the enchanted gardens of Renaissance literature Columbus’s discovery of America has been described as â€Å"perhaps the most important event recorded in secular history. † On the other hand, it has been pointed out that had Columbus not discovered America, it would soon have been discovered by some other explorer. Edmundo O’Gorman, in The Invention of America (1961), asserted that America was not discovered but was invented by Europeans in the 16th and following centuries. The contrary idea of America as a place of degenerated plants, animals, and humans was also held by Europeans long before it was set forth by the French naturalist Buffon (1707–1788) in the early volumes of his Natural History (1749–1804). Thomas Jefferson made effective reply in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), but remnants of the idea continued to persist in the European popular mind. Modern readers are often surprised to learn of Columbus’s never-ending insistence, even in the face of contrary evidence, that he had reached the coast of Asia, not a new continent. That mistaken certainty was in large part caused by his faith in faulty calculations showing the earth’s circumference to be about 18,000 rather than 25,000 miles. The ancient geographer Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth with nearly perfect accuracy in the third century BCE. But Columbus, as did the best navigators of his time, relied on charts based on measurements made by the second-century-CE astronomer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). The calculation of the earth’s circumference presented in Ptolemy’s Guide to Geography (published, in Latin, in 1409) was off by more than 25 percent. Had the calculation been accurate, Columbus would have been correct in assuming that after sailing west for 33 days, he had indeed reached the Orient. Columbus’s writing style is spare and unornamented. In contrast, the letters (the first published in 1504) of Amerigo Vespucci, reporting his voyages to the New World from 1497 to 1504 (he claimed four,historians credit him with two), were filled with vivid and titillating details describing the new land and its inhabitants. As a result, Vespucci’s reports received greater attention throughout Europe than the reports (as distinct from the discovery itself) of Columbus. Because of Vespucci’s renown and because of his real accomplishments, the German geographer Martin Waldseemuller, in making his influential map of the new continent (1507), applied the name â€Å"America† to South America. Eventually, through popular usage, â€Å"America† came to be used for the North America as well. Vespucci’s voyage of 1501–1502 (under the flag of Portugal) along the coast of South America was the first extended exploration of the coast of the New World and the first to show clearly that the new lands were not a part of Asia but a new continent. That discovery is said by Vespucci’s partisans to justify naming the new continent America. Nevertheless, Vespucci has been vilified as a braggart and a windbag. Doubt has been cast on his accomplishments, although in recent decades they have in part been verified and shown to be substantial. Columbus’s first letter was printed and published in nine versions in 1493, and by 1500 it had appeared in nearly twenty editions. Yet his reports did not inspire the immediate outpouring of writing, personal and public, on the New World that might be expected. Indeed, from the last decades of the fifteenth century to the beginning decades of the seventeenth century, â€Å"four times as many books were devoted to the Turks and Asia as to America, and the proportion of books on Asia actually increased in the final decade† of that period (J. H. Elliot, The Old World and the New [1992] 12). When Columbus died in Vallodolid, Spain, in 1506, his death went unrecorded in the city chronicle. His fall to obscurity was in part caused by the fact that he was overbearing and irascible, creating many enemies. In addition,  the stories of his failures and his greed as a colonial administrator diminished him in the eyes of his contemporaries, further discouraging the celebration of his name in poems, romances, dramas, and histories. Columbus had failed to produce the expected supply of riches. He had failed to provide his voyages with effective chroniclers who could glorify his achievements, and he had no ability to effectively glorify himself in his written reports. Nor was he associated with a singular dramatic achievement—such as the conquest of the Aztec empire that raised Cortes to the stature of an epic hero. In the sixth century BC the Greek mathematician Pythagoras declared that the earth is a sphere. By the fifteenth century AD that fact was believed by the vast majority of educated Europeans. Yet a longstanding myth holds that Columbus was almost alone in believing that the earth is a sphere and for that belief suffered the ridicule of his learned contemporaries. The myth survives today, preserved in popular histories, tales, and even in popular song lyrics that proclaim: â€Å"They all laughed at Christopher Columbus /When he said the world was round. In reporting that he was the first to see a light in the distance, on the night of October 11, before the actual sighting of land on October 12, Columbus appears to claim that he was the first to see the Indies. Note also Columbus’s solicitation of support for further exploration, his offering, if â€Å"their highnesses will render very slight assistance,† to provide gold, spice, cotton, mastic, â€Å"aloe-wood,† and â€Å"slaves, as many as they shall order to be shipped. The explorers and conquerors of the New World in large measure based their justifications (stated or implied) for conquest on a.  the cultural superiority of the conquerors; b. the physical and mental inferiority of the conquered; c. the backwardness of the Americans’ culture and technical development; d. the obligation and the ability of the intruders to make better use of the land and its resources; e. the duty to bring Christianity to the heathen. Columbus does not use all such justifications. Note his report that the Indians are â€Å"of a very acute intelligence. † Modern critics of Columbus assert that his treatment of the Indians showed a disregard for their natural rights. But the popular idea that individuals have natural rights (much less â€Å"unalienable† natural rights) did not arise for several centuries. Columbus took possession of the newly discovered land â€Å"by proclamation made and with royal standard unfurled. † His act was not a dramatic gesture meant to awe the natives but a formal step (compare the flag planting by the American astronauts on the moon in 1969) to establish, according to the international law of the day, that the lands and their inhabitants were now the possessions of Spain and subject to Spanish authority. Having taken formal and legal possession of the land and its inhabitants for Spain, Columbus assumed that he, as a royal official, was therefore justified in capturing six Indians and returning them as exhibits to the Spanish king and queen, just as a royal official could order the lives of men and women in Spain itself. Because he believed that he had landed in the Indies, Columbus used the word â€Å"Indians† to describe the people he saw. In recent years the word has been attacked as inaccurate and demeaning, although Columbus did not intend it to be so. The substitute â€Å"Native American† has been advanced, and is the most widely preferred term. The term â€Å"Siberian American† has been offered in its place as a more accurate term, but it is seen as derisive by some and remains unpopular. Columbus reported of the Indians, â€Å"With 50 [European] men all of them could be held in subjection and can be made to do whatever one might wish. † Columbus was wrong. The attempt to coerce and enslave the men and women of the New World eventually failed. Yet the alluring idea of forcing native inhabitants to work for their conquerors long endured. For instance, John Smith reports of North American native inhabitants that they could be brought â€Å"all in subjection† and exploited by â€Å"forty or thirty† Englishmen. Discovery narratives traditionally report on the technical backwardness of the people of the discovered lands. In Columbus’s age the lack of technical development and the absence of metals such as iron and steel were taken as signs of primitive inferiority. In later ages, especially after the rise of the idea of the Noble Savage, a lack of technical achievement was taken as a sign of virtuous simplicity, of a life free of the dominance of the machine and the technological horrors that accompany it. Columbus describes the technical ignorance of the inhabitants and their unfamiliarity with metal-edged weapons: â€Å"I showed them swords and they took them by the edge and through ignorance cut themselves. † Compare John Smith’s report of the Indians’ fear of gunpowder and firearms their amazement at the movements of a compass needle. The technical ignorance of a reportedly benighted people has often been and is still used to justify their subjugation and colonization by a technically superior culture that asserts its right to conquer, usually because it can â€Å"make better use of the land. † In addition, there was recourse to the religious justification for colonization—the argument that Christians have the right and the duty to lead (by force if necessary) those living in spiritual darkness into the light of religious truth and to the blessings of heaven. The religious justification is offered as a benefit to the pagans themselves. The technological argument is not. Rather its end is the fruitful exploitation of the land and its natural resources for the colonizers. But even the technological argument for exploiting the land has its biblical justification in the declarations that the land exists for the benefit of man, who therefore has an obligation to exploit and â€Å"subdue† it (Genesis 1:28). That Columbus was a sincere believer in Christianity is not in doubt. His devout faith is evident inthe names he gave the first islands he encountered in the New World: San Salvador and Isla de Santa Maria de Concepcion. Yet his religious motives for colonizing the lands he discovered have sometimes been dismissed as a disguise for his true motives: greed for gold and desire to extract riches from the land. The desire for religious conversions and for gold is evident in almost all the early narratives of New World discovery. Columbus hoped to bring Christianity to the heathen by establishing the religion of Spain in the new lands. He had no desire to promote religious liberty and would have strongly resisted the idea. John Smith similarly believed that the English lands in North America should be colonized under the protection of an established church—the Church of England. It is worthwhile to compare the views of Columbus and Smith to the views of the Pilgrims and the Puritans who wished to escape what they believed to be an oppressive established church—though they themselves then demonstrated an oppressive narrowness with respect to departures from the confines of their views. Notice the appearance in Columbus’s reports of themes later apparent in American literature: a. America as a land suited to Christian evangelism and the ultimate coming of â€Å"the church triumphant† b. America as a paradise of exotic landscape and people and of simple and innocent life c. America as a place for economic, political, and spiritual opportunity and personal fulfillment. THOMAS HARIOT Thomas Hariot was among the first British explorers to arrive in the New World. Unlike Columbus, he was at least as much a scientist as an explorer. He was particularly interested in astronomy, optics, and the study of mathematics. Hariot’s A Briefe and True Report of the Newfound Land of Virginia gives perspectives on the New World that differ from Columbus’s in accordance with his intellectual interests, as well as his nationality and the part of the world (Virginia, as opposed to the West Indies) that he visited. The third, and final, part of his report, presented in the anthology, offers another view of the inhabitants of the newly discovered land. JOHN SMITH John Smith has been described as the author of â€Å"the first English book written in America† (for his A True Relation of Occurrences and Accidents in Virginia [1608]), and his work is seen as a forerunner of a native, American literature. Smith’s accounts are also an early example of New World writing that emphasizes human qualities commonly thought to be typically American. Note his references to a. Practicality; b. Boastfulness; c. dislike of showy elegance; d. desire to exploit the environment. Smith’s description of New England combines two images of the New World that were current in Europe in the seventeenth century: a.  the image of America as a paradise, a voluptuous land of easy riches b. the image of America as a land that would reward those showing the Protestant virtues of enterprise and willingness to work hard. The first image draws upon ancient myths that describe gardens of ease, joy, and eternal life. The second derives from the ideals of the capitalist middle class that rose to power with the end of feudalism in Europe. A third image, of America as a New Jerusalem, as a place for religious salvation, is not evident in Smith’s writings. Consider the rise to prominence of that third image after 1630 and the coming of the Puritans to Massachusetts Bay. Note how Smith writes of the visible, material world—describing plants, animals, and men—rather than the immaterial, speculative world of philosophy and theology. Smith assumed that the New World is for man’s exploitation, for his physical enjoyment, and for his earthly fulfillment—an assumption at odds with the Puritans’ view of the New World as a place of spiritual testing and of preparation for a fulfillment to be achieved only in heaven. Smith is often contrasted to the Puritans (and the Pilgrims), but there are these similarities: a. Both saw America as a place where individual men and women could escape from Old-World restraints and traditions. b. Both celebrated the possibility of communal, as well as individual regeneration in the lands claimed by England in the New World. c. Both condemned luxury and emphasized the virtues of hard work, abstinence, and enterprise. d. And both saw a life of ease and luxury as a sign of decay that portends inevitable destruction. Smith made no mention of religious freedom as a reason for colonizing. His own motives for colonizing (and what he believed to be the prime motives of others) were secular and materialistic: â€Å"For I am not so simple as to think that ever any other motive than wealth will ever erect there a commonwealth. † General History and his Description of New England are propaganda for colonization as much as they are descriptions of the New World. That is evident in the number and the variety of advantages he cites for colonization: a. profits for investors—†satisfaction of the adventurers†. Markets for English manufacturers—a letter survives, written by Smith to the London Society of Cordwainers (shoemakers) to point out that the Cordwainers, in their own self-interest, should support the settlement of Virginia because the rough land and the shell-strewn beaches of the New World were certain to wear out many shoes c. glory for the colonizers and their monarch—†eternizing of the memory† d. abundant raw materials, especially timber and naval stores. Some of the essentials for colonizing success set forth by Smith in A Description of New England (â€Å"provided always that first there be †): a. potent local government b. housing c. means of self-defense d. adequate provisions e. trained craftsmen Many reasons have been offered to explain why the Jamestown colonists failed to exert themselves sufficiently in establishing their colony: a. that too many of the colonists were â€Å"ne’er-do-wells† and gentlemen who were unused to hard work b. that the colonists were weakened by hunger and disease c. that the â€Å"communal basis† of the settlement discouraged individual enterprise. That many of the early colonizing reports, especially those written by the Spanish colonizers, encouraged the expectation that riches would be quickly found and profits quickly earned, that the â€Å"naturals† could be forced to supply the colonists with food, and that therefore diligent labor was unnecessary e. that the colonists expected their needs to be met by their London backers Note that none of the above explanations suggests that the English colonists, lacking government support such as the Spanish enjoyed, failed because their attempt to colonize Virginia at that time and place was simply beyond their abilities. Smith attributed the difficulties at Jamestown to dissension, weak government, lack of organization, and mistaken attempts by a central governing body (in London) to exert control at long distance. Such problems of government and society arose partly from human characteristics that later came to be considered distinctly American: a. radical individualism b. disrespect for law and governments c. hostility toward distant, central governments d. Contempt for traditions of rank, privilege, and authority Note how such characteristics were prominent among the causes of the American Revolution, 170 years later, and how those same characteristics win popular praise today. It is also notable that the American environment and its great distance from Europe prohibited the easy transfer to America of England’s a. feudal class structure; b. widespread belief in the worth of a noble class and an idle gentry; c. upper-class contempt for those in â€Å"trade† or whose jobs required hard, physical labor; d. high valuation of the contemplative, intellectual life; Customs of labor, farming, law, and political organization. The travel literature of the 16th and 17th centuries commonly reported incidents in which New World savages were awestruck by examples of European science and technology. When Powhatan’s followers captured Smith, in December 1607, he was first exhibited before neighboring tribes. Smith’s description of events permits the conclusion that the Indians displayed him as a great trophy because he was a noble warrior (for his brave resistance) and a mighty wizard (for his tricks with a compass). Perhaps a better reason for the exhibition before local sub-tribes and their chiefs was revealed in 1845 when a manuscript letter (written in 1608) by Edward Maria Wingfield, former President of the Colony (and Smith’s enemy), was discovered and published. Wingfield wrote: having him prisoner, [they] carried him to [their] neighbors to see if any of them knew him for one of those which had been, some two or three years before us, in a river amongst them northward and [had] taken away some Indians from them by force. At last [they] brought him to the great Powhatan (of whom before we had no knowledge) who sent him home to our town the 8th of January [1608]. Pocahontas’s formal, tribal name was â€Å"Matoaka. † The nickname â€Å"Pocahontas† (meaning â€Å"playfulone†) was given to her by her father, Powhatan. Such nicknames were common among the Native peoples in Virginia. Powhatan himself had the tribal name of â€Å"Wahunsonacock,† the name â€Å"Powhatan† later takenfrom the name of the region in which he ruled. At the time of their adventure, Smith was 28 and Pocahontas 12 or 13. She died in 1617 while on a visit to England, well before any detailed description of her rescue of Smith was published. It is not known whether Smith saw Pocahontas while she was in England, and little is known of her true character. In his History of Travel into Virginia Britannia (1612), William Strachey described Pocahontas as: a well featured but wanton young girl, Powhatan’s daughter, [who], sometimes resorting to our fort, of the age then of 11 or 12 years, [would] get the boys forth with her into the market place and made them [cart]wheel, falling on their hands turning their heels upwards, whom she would follow, and [cart]wheel so herself, naked as she was, all the fort over. It is interesting to consider what qualities in Strachey’s â€Å"wanton young girl† and Smith’s savior helped make her the first heroine of American myth and folklore. Some points to note: a. Pocahontas’s similarity to ancient mythic heroines, daughters of kings who protect a heroic stranger renounce their native lands and people, yet fail to marry the hero—heroines . b. the similarity of Pocahontas’s experiences to those told in the various medieval romances c. Pocahontas’s similarity to historical American Indian heroines, such as Sacagawea (who served as guide and interpreter for Lewis and Clark) and Malinche (interpreter for Cortes in his conquest of the Aztecs) d. Pocahontas’s early appearance in literature, first referred to in Ben Jonson’s play Staple of News (1625) and then the subject of later works, such as (1) The Female American (1767), a novel published in London and described as â€Å"a second Robinson Crusoe†, and (2) The Indian Princess (1808), an American play, the first of many Pocahontas dramas, and the first of the vastly popular â€Å"Indian Plays† of the nineteenth-century American stage.

Reader Response to A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, By Hemingway :: A Clean Well-Lighted Place Essays

Reader Response to A Clean, Well-Lighted Place In 1933, Ernest Hemmingway wrote A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. It's a story of two waiters working late one night in a cafe. Their last customer, a lonely old man getting drunk, is their last customer. The younger waiter wishes the customer would leave while the other waiter is indifferent because he isn't in so much of a hurry. I had a definite, differentiated response to this piece of literature because in my occupation I can relate to both cafe workers. Hemmingway's somber tale is about conquering late night loneliness in a bright cafe. The customer drinking brandy suffers from it and so does the older waiter. However, the younger waiter cannot understand loneliness because he probably hasn't been very lonely in his life. He mentions a couple times throughout the story that he wished to be able to go home to his wife, yet the old man and old waiter have no wives to go home to like he does. This story have a deeper meaning to me because I often am in a similar situation at work. For a little over three years, I've been a weekend bartender at an American Legion Club. I almost always work the entire weekends, open to close, which proves to be a tortorous schedule at times. Like the cafe in Hemmingway's tale, the Legion is a civilized place, often well lit, and quieter than most clubs. Because members have to either have served in the military during wartime or have a relative that did, the patronage is often older and more respectful than an average barroom. And because most members are older, they may not have a family to go home to, or they may be just a little more dismal because their lives have been longer and harder than most. In many ways, they are very much like the old man sipping brandy while hiding in the shadows of the leaves in Hemmingway's cafe. And in many ways, I am like the young waiter, anxious to leave. The young waiter seems selfish and inconsiderate of anyone else. In the beginning of the story, he's confused why the old man tried to kill himself. "He has plenty of money," he says, as if that's the only thing anyone needs for happiness. When the old man orders another drink, the younger waiter warns him that he'll get drunk, as if to waver his own responsibility rather than to warn the old man for his sake.

Understanding the Production of Biofuels in the United States

The current situation in the global demand for fuel is definitely becoming a global phenomenon, which develops to be a worldwide problem that directly affects the global society and the lives of people. Thus, for the past years, the global oil industry has experienced shortage and/or a crisis, which has caused the international oil price to increase with more than twice its normal rate. This global oil crisis and the higher rate of oil prices are indeed detrimental and difficult for the people and in the global economy.This problem results to more difficulties in the financial burden of the people and makes the global society suffer from the expensive rate of the crude oil and affects other major industries in its operation. Hence, with the continuous increase in worldwide oil price and the broadening campaign for global crisis, the production of biofuels is now regaining fame and significance amidst all these global issues. In this regard, this research paper concentrates on the top ic about the production and use of biofuels in the United States as an alternative to the ones that is already in the global mainstream oil market.The paper would work on investigating the process of the United States in producing biofuels by utilizing natural materials such as plants that are rich with the needed substances in making such oil product. Thus, this research would also focus on determining the positive and negative implications of producing biofuels, as an answer to the growing oil and energy crisis, among the major industries that would directly affected by such process of manufacturing biofuels. Probable Plants to be utilized for the Production of BiofuelsAs seen to be one of the richest countries in the globe and with the present resources they have, the United States of America is regarded to be one of the leading countries that produces large amount of biofuels, more specifically ethanol fuel and biodiesel, which alternatively supplies the local demand for oil to power vehicles. It is seen that ethanol and biodiesel are the primary biofuels utilized in the United States and as such, the country uses mainly corn kernels and soybeans in producing respective biofuels for local transportation and industry consumption.As of the present time, the United States uses corn kernels in producing bioethanol, which also utilizes a little fraction made from sorghum (Hagens). As such, through the use of corn crops alone, the United States is able to produce 4. 9 billion gallons of ethanol in 2006. On the other hand, the production of biodiesel in the United States uses mainly soybean oil and other vegetable oils where in the same year of 2006, the country has produced 100 million gallons biodiesel out of these natural resources (Hagens).Moreover, other major countries that also produces biofuels as an alternative oil to power up their local transportation and industry also uses relatively the same natural resources with the ones that the United States has been using in their own production (Hagens). For instance, Brazil, one of the leading producers of bioethanol, also uses corn kernels being one of the countries which produces large amount of corn crops (Hagens).As for the developing countries such as the Philippines, the productions of biofuels just in their beginnings where the plants to be use for such process depends on the location and available plant resources. In the Philippines, plants like Jathropa Curcas or better known as Physic nut is given more attention as one of the potential primary natural resources in producing biodiesel and cassava perennial plant in processing bioethanol fuels (Varona). How this plants grown and processed to produce biofuelsPlanting and growing these plants in producing biofuels requires typical way plant farming, which only requires a certain demand for fossil fuel consumption for the entire process of producing biofuels. As for the plant that produces bioethanol such as the corn, the process of planting and growing is seen to be tricky that entails possible negative results in the environment (Biodiesel Edges Out Ethanol). Firstly, the corn is often globally regarded as a crop that is not environmentally friendly, which requires enormous quantities of fertilizers and pesticides in growing.Study shows that the impact of large-scale cultivation has negative adverse effects on the environment wherein the soil becomes uncultivable after the harvesting of corns that requires certain amount of time for recovery (Keim). As for the growing of soybean that is being used in producing biodiesel, the planting process is relatively easier but also environmentally unfriendly. To be able to achieve the greatest quality of soy beans for biodiesel production, though soybeans is adaptable to different conditions of soil, seeds must be planted in a top quality soil and in temperate weather.Thus, the impact of soybean large-scale cultivation entails negative adverse effects in the environmen t wherein through this entire process of planting and growing, the healthy and fertile soil and water are being polluted through the use of detrimental chemicals such as pesticide and fertilizer (Soybean Production). Production Process for Corn The process involved in producing ethanol out of corn involves several processes. The first step includes addition of water to grains which have been previously grounded (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†).The mixture of water and grounded grains is subjected to high temperatures under the liquefaction process and alpha-amylase are added (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†). After which, it goes through fermentation where yeast is used in order for the sugars to be fermented, which then produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†). The beer produced in the fermentation tanks proceed through a distillation system that separates the ethanol and leaves a â€Å"whole still age† (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†). In the â€Å"whole stillage† the solids are separated from the liquid through the process of centrifugation.Afterwards, an evaporation step is done for the liquid portion to remove any excess water and leaves condensed syrup (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†). This condensed syrup is placed back with the grains of wet distillers and is dried to come up with DDGS or â€Å"distillers’ dried grains with solubles† (â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products†). A diagram for this process is shown below: Production Process for Soybean The main process through which soybean can be turned into soy biodiesel is called transesterification, which makes soybean oil transform into esters (â€Å"How to Make Soy Biodiesel From Scratch†).In the said process, the oil of the soybean is separated and its glycerine sinks at the bottom and the soybean biodesel goes to the surface (â€Å"Ho w to Make Soy Biodiesel From Scratch†). When this happens, the soybean biodiesel is siphoned (â€Å"How to Make Soy Biodiesel From Scratch†). Efficient Producers of Biofuels In a sense, the fully developed countries like the United States and Brazil are regarded as efficient producers of biofuels as compared to the other developing countries that are having a hard time establishing and starting a reliable way of producing biofuels.Unlike any other countries, the United States and Brazil are the top producers of biofuels, more specifically the bioethanol, which made them successful in attending to their local demands for clean fuels for energy consumption. In addition to this, the European countries also are among the top and efficient producers of another biofuel which is that of the biodiesel that normally caters to the demand of clean diesel fuel for their local vehicle and transportation. In these countries, there is a reliable means of producing these biofuels due t o the available resources as compared to other countries.Plants Consumption for Biofuel and its effect in the Global Food Prices With the trend in using some of the major plants for producing biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel, this entire process entails negative impacts in the supply and price of food in the worldwide market, more especially among the developing countries. Thus, there are reports that the consumption of plants, more specifically with corns and soybeans, creates shortage on the supply for human consumption as food. As such? in most of the countries across the globe, the production of biofuels is being blamed to be the number one cause of global food crisis.In addition to this, such consumption of plants for biofuel production generates shortage and difficulties for developing countries with the continuous increase in the price of food in the global market (Lovgren). Conclusion In the end, the production of biofuels as an alternative solution for the ever loo ming energy crisis is indeed a brilliant idea and a positive approach to resolve such global problem. However, the countries which serve as the major producers of biofuels must also ensure the welfare of the people and do this in such a way that is not harmful for the public and the environment.Thus, the major biofuel producers must also continue to do research with the purpose of discovering other ways of producing biofuels aside from consuming plants that are supposed to be allotted for human consumption to be able to avoid the competition between the interest of the public and need for resolving the looming global energy crisis. Work Cited Aoko, Sam. 12 World’s Largest Biofuel Plants. Eco Worldly. 18 November 2009 < http://ecoworldly. com/2008/04/23/12-worlds-largest-biofuel-plants/> Biodiesel Edges Out Ethanol. Last Updated July 18, 2006. RenewableEnergyWorld. com. 18 February 2009 < http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2006/07/biodiesel-edges-out-ethanol -45457> Hagens, Nate. The Implications of Biofuel Production for United States Water Supplies. The Oil Drum. 18 February 2009 â€Å"How to Make Soy Biodiesel From Scratch. † 2009. All Soy Products. 18 February 2009 . Keim, Brandon. Corn-Based Biofuels Spell Death for Gulf of Mexico. Last Updated March 13, 2008. CondeNet, Inc. 18 February 2009 Lovgre, Stefan. Hardy Plant May Ease Biofuels' Burden on Food Costs.Last Updated April 21, 2008. National Geographic Society. 18 February 2009 Soybean Production. Last Updated February 18, 2009. National Soybean Research Laboratory. 18 February 2009 â€Å"Utilization of Bio-fuel Co-products. † University of Saskatchewan. 18 February 2009 . Varona, Bernice. Power plants: University spearheads biofuel R&D. UP System Information Office. 18 February 2009 < http://www. up. edu. ph/upnewsletter. php? i=321>

Modern Society Essay

Modern society which is very complex and often contradictory has its origin in the ancient times as far back as 4000 years ago. Deeply rooted in spirituality, yet having equal attraction towards materialism, sometimes leading to unethical behaviour, inclination and commitment towards science, logic and reason, yet superstitious practices are rampant. Untouchability has been constitutionally abolished and caste and community based discrimination banned, its practice is common and it is a major tool of vote-bank politics in India. Thus, Indian society presents a contradictory picture and can be seen in the perspective of a society in the process of continued change or flux. Social change is a broader term which implies change in infrastructure, facilities and their distribution, change in thought, attitude and behaviour of the people, change in faith, culture, tradition and living styles, etc. Change is a natural inevitable process which continues in every age and will continue to happen even in future. Social infrastructure, cultural, attitudinal and behavioural changes do not remain static. They continuously change with the passage of time. It is the result of this natural process of change that life underwent sea change from the Stone Age to the Computer Age. Social change basically constitutes a transformation at all level of thought, behaviour and action that does not presuppose either a strict positive or negative impact. In fact, the impact cannot be confined to one direction only. Indeed the change has both positive and negative impact which may lead the society towards progress or regression. Social change is not a sudden process. It is a gradual process which takes lots of time to happen. Neither is it the result of any single factor. It is the result of so many factors which include demographic, technological, political, economic, cultural and legal. Generally, social conflict, growth and expansion and knowledge and scientific and technological advancement lead to social change. Indeed, the research and advancement in the field of science and technology bring about a change in the outlook of society. Besides, the demographic factors also contribute to social change. Rising population, rampant illiteracy, housing and health problems, large-scale migration, etc. all have a bearing on social climate. Rapid industrialisation resulting in economic development and urbanisation has brought about the growth of slums in urban areas as well as a great disparity in the standard of living. After independence, the country with the help of fundamental rights tried to bridge the social gap by providing right to equality to all its citizens and abolished untouchability. No doubt, it has a positive effect on society. It has brought about a decline in social discrimination and reduced the exploitation of the poor. Cultural factors like Sanskritisation, i. e. the process explaining the upward mobility of a sub-caste group in a caste hierarchy, traditional attitudes and customs of the people. Law is also an important tool to bring about social change. In the post-independence era, the Indian Government has taken numerous measures that concern society. The Constitution refuses to recognise the distinctions of religion, sect, caste, sex, etc. in the matter of the opportunities of civil life. It has largely mitigated a number of social evils resulting from the pluralisitc nature of Indian society with regard to religion and caste. Freedom of belief as a Fundamental Right has made religion a personal choice rather than its earlier compulsive and all- pervasive nature for a family or a group. Endogamous nature of casteism is now on the wane as intermarriage, and even inter- religious ones have been legalised. Reservations in jobs and freedom in the choice of vocations have encouraged vertical mobility of many families, irrespective of their caste and class affiliations. In short, laws play prominent role in social changes. Family, which has been almost universally considered the ideal and perfect living arrangement, and the backbone of social structure has undergone a transformation under the impact of industrialisation, urbanisation, spread of education, large-scale migration and other changes taking place in different spheres of life. Nuclear families have taken the place of joint family system. Common residence and property are being substituted by functional joint families, who fulfil their social obligations towards each other and come to help each other in their hours of need. Now old age is perceived with fear. This is rather recent phenomena. The old are now taken as a liability. Old age is viewed as an unavoidable, undesirable and problem-ridden phase of life. This is one of the gifts of modern life. In recent times, economic development and technological advancements have been rapid. They have an inevitable impact on social attitudes and values. This progress has led to the loss of cherished values. With enhanced earning, power and growing consumerism, the parents and children have altered their response to family life. The nature of parenting nd role of spouses have undergone sea change. Family bonds are eroding fast in society, it is particularly frequent in urban society where youngsters, in large numbers, migrate for studies or jobs, their parents, left alone, are faced with the problem of emotional loss and a fear of future. Economic independence has brought in its wake, individualism. In an economically independent society everybody wants to asse rt himself. A man wants his prominence in various spheres of life. He no longer likes to be ignored or undervalued. It has tremendously affected the woman. Now she wants her role in family and society as well. This is, in fact, a challenge to the traditional view of society that women as a class are inferior to men. However, her role in decision-making is assuming significance. Modern women are quite aware of their rights and privileges. At the same time social attitude towards women is also changing, though the process is slow. Today’s society is one of freedom and inquiry. In this age of individualism, authority is no longer unquestionably accepted by children. In this age of Information Technology, children are often more informal and aware than their parents. They no longer stand in awe of parents or any elderly persons. Human values and ethics have taken a backseat. Relations today are increasingly based on mercenary considerations. As a consequence, warmth and obligations have been lost in society. This, in a way, leads to conflict and confusion, adversely affecting family bonds or ties. Age old values of tolerance, hospitality, warmth of attachments, politeness and patience are fast fading out. However, some changes in society are pleasant and encouraging. Technological innovations have changed even the common people’s way of life. This change can be felt even at the village levels. The prevalence of superstitions and evil practices are no longer as frequent and common in society as they were during the pre-independence era. The accessibility of mass media has changed the village life also. The thinking behaviour and lifestyle of the villagers have tremendously changed. This exposure, though not always beneficial, has served to open Indian minds to receive new ideas and views. As a whole, the change on the mental level, has been slow, however, it is encouraging. Thus, at every level and in every sphere, Indian society is experiencing changes. The changes are more pronounced and noticeable in terms of dress, behaviour and egalitarianism while traditional beliefs, even if they are outdated and redundant, are practised and refuse to give up their hold on Indian society. Thus, the contradictory situations create confusion and sometimes lead to conflict. The prevailing anger and frustration arising out of inequality in development, loss of values accompanied by a greedy, grasping mercenary attitude, growing corruption on the part of authorities and the ‘elite’ find expression in the form of violent responses from the oppressed and the downtrodden. Several secessionist movements in different parts of the country are attributed to this retrogressive changes taking place in society. The change is inevitable in a dynamic society but it must be guided by some principles so as to ensure a better future and a progressive society in which everybody can enjoy his share in peace and prosperity. Besides people must be educated and enlightened enough to take its positive impact while ignoring the negatives for the betterment of individual as well as society.

Healthy Food and Junk Food Essays

Healthy Food and Junk Food Essays Healthy Food and Junk Food Paper Healthy Food and Junk Food Paper Healthy Food and Junk Food: An Annotated Bibliography This article discusses the effects of eating junk food on children’s development, health, and behavior. It provides the physiological and psychological effects of junk food eating. The article points out the demise of the traditional value of dining because of the preference for junk food. It cites the common diseases that children may experience later on in their lives out of their habit of eating junk food. Food to Have Sometimes.   March 2007. Better Health Channel. 13 November 2007 betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Food_to_have_sometimes?open. This fact sheet provides information regarding the common ingredients in junk food. It also discusses how these ingredients harm the body when consumed regularly. However, the fact sheet also states that eating junk food occasionally is still healthy. It suggests that the important thing is to eat healthy and natural food regularly and to moderate the intake of junk foods. Bauer, Joy. Can Junk Foods be Good for you? March 8, 2007.   Today Show, MSNBC. 13 November 2007 http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/17515303/. This article attempts to show that junk foods will never be good for an individual if taken excessively. With the emergence of healthy junk food, such as whole-grain, low-fat, or low-salt versions of the common types of junk food, Bauer answers the question, â€Å"Are these really healthy?† Bauer’s answer is no. In using the Krispy Kreme Whole Wheat Doughnut as an example, Bauer points out that despite the use of whole wheat, the doughnut has still a large amount of trans fat and still has a high calorie count.   Basically, Bauer points out that there are no substitutes for the natural and more nutritious snacks like fruits and vegetables. More importantly, some treats are just meant to be taken occasionally, whatever vitamins, mineral or grains are added to them. Larsen, Joanne. Junk Foods. Ask the Dietitian. 13 November 2007 dietitian.com/junkfood.html. This article provides a definition of what junk food really is. Larsen describes junk foods as those that are high in sugar, salt, fat, or calories and have low nutrient content. Larsen states that junk foods usually have empty calories. Some of the common junk food are salted snack foods, candy, most sweet desserts, fried fast food, and carbonated beverages. The article then characterizes each of these. Also, the article lists down ways of how to identify junk food. It emphasizes the need to consult the nutritional label of each food item. It provides suggestions of how to classify foods as junk or not. Koh, Vivienne. The Battle Between Junk Food and Health Food. Ezine Articles. 13 November 2007 http://ezinearticles.com/?id=708154. This article describes junk foods. It provides a definition of what junk food really is. It lists down some reasons why junk foods are so popular. It cites the taste, price, and availability as common reasons for its popularity. Koh also identifies the reasons why junk foods should be avoided as much as possible. She points out the health hazards that can result out of eating too much junk food. She cites the common diseases and attributes these health hazards to the ingredients of these food items. The article ends with a call to consumers to be more wary of what they buy. It calls consumers to consult nutrition labels for medical bills are far more costly than junk food.

How to Afford Private School Tuition

How to Afford Private School Tuition Private school can be expensive, and paying those hefty tuition bills can be a burden for families from all income levels. The average national cost of non-sectarian private schools is approximately $17,000 a year, and the yearly tuition at schools in urban areas such as New York, Boston, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. can be more than $40,000 for just a day school program. Boarding schools are even more expensive. But, that doesnt mean a private school education is out of the question for your family. While you may think that there is little financial aid for private schools, and yes it can be competitive to get financial aid, there are several sources of funding that you may not have thought of. Here are some ways in which you can find financial assistance to pay for private school: Talk to the financial aid officer at your school. The financial aid officer at your school may know about merit and need-based scholarships that your child may be eligible for; sometimes these are not widely promoted. Several private schools offer free tuition for parents earning less than about $75,000 a year. As many as 20% of private school students receive some form of need-based financial aid, and this figure is as high as about 35% at schools with large endowments. Keep in mind that schools with large endowments and longer histories can generally offer larger amounts of aid, but inquire about programs even at schools that are less established. Check out scholarships. There are many scholarships and  even voucher programs  available for students at private schools. The school youre applying to or attending may even have scholarship programs for students; be sure to ask the admission office or financial aid office to find out if youre eligible and how to apply.  There are also regional scholarship programs that can assist with finding scholarships. Some notable programs include A Better Chance, which provides opportunities for students of color to attend boarding and day college-prep schools around the country. Research free or low-tuition  private schools. Private school for free? ​Believe it or not, schools that offer zero tuition  do exist.  There are completely tuition-free private and parochial schools across the country. Check out this list of free private schools. You can also research schools with low tuition rates; with a financial aid package, if you qualify, you could find yourself with an opportunity to attend a private school for little to no money.   Don’t forget to ask about sibling discounts. Many schools will offer discounts if you already have a child at the school, or if a family member has attended previously (often referred to as a legacy student). In addition, some private school financial aid officers will reduce the tuition for families paying college tuition at the same time that they are paying private school tuition. Ask if the school youre applying to offers these kinds of discounts! Take advantage of employee discounts. This may sound odd, but its true. Many private schools offer full time employees free tuition or tuition discounts. If you know you want to send your child to private school and your skill set aligns to an opening at a school you like, apply for a job. Be sure to look at requirements for the tuition discounts, as some schools require that employees work at the school for a certain number of years before they are eligible. If youre already a parent at the school, you can still apply. But youll likely have to go through the same formal job application process as all the other candidates. Dont worry, if you dont get the job, your child can still attend.   Spread out payments with tuition payment plans. Many schools will allow you to spread out your yearly tuition in installments. They may charge a flat fee or interest for this service, so be sure to read the fine print and determine if this is right for you. There are also many institutions that manage tuition payments at private schools across the country. Take advantage of pre-payment incentives. Many schools will offer parents a discount for paying in full by a certain amount. If you have a rewards program credit card, this can be a great way to earn some perks. You can use tax-free Coverdell savings accounts. Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, which allow you to save up to $2,000 a year per beneficiary in tax-free accounts, can be used for tuition at private schools. The distributions from these accounts will not be taxed if the amount in the account is less than the beneficiary’s educational expenses at an eligible institution. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski  - stacyjago

3800 complete 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3800 complete 5 - Essay Example Apparently, the rented truck had loads of loads of diesel-fuel-fertilizer which McVeigh detonated remotely thus causing the explosion. In proving his guilt, the jury referred to a number of facts including his arrest, identification and proof of motive coupled with his subsequent admission. A state trooper, Charles J Hanger stopped a truck I-35 in Noble County. He arrested the driver and charged him for driving a vehicle that lacked registration plates and possession of firearms. McVeigh admitted both crimes thus leading to his incarceration. Meanwhile the FBI had begun an investigation and had identified the Ryder truck by analyzing the axle of the truck found at the site of bombing. Workers at the car rental agencies provided the police with a sketch of the individual who had rented the truck. The sketch helped identify McVeigh who was already in custody for committing the above crimes. Furthermore, an eyewitness testified to seeing McVeigh at the scene of crime. After his identification, Terry Nichols, McVeigh’s associate, surrendered to the police and volunteered to testify against his friend for a reduced sentence. Terry Nichols knew McVeigh’s intention to carry out the bombing but did not inform the authorities. The two were members of a radical group of survivalists and therefore ascribed to radical ideologies as they shared their hatred of the federal government. Another equally important feature in the case was proving McVeigh’s motives. McVeigh who had served the American military shared the belief that the federal government had vilified alongside numerous others. In the August of 1992, federal agents had killed a survivalist, Randy Weaver, his wife and a child in a shoot. Additionally, a fire in Waco, Texas resulted in the death of eighty other members of the group. Such occurrences enhanced the radicalization of McVeigh, his friend N ichols among