Pylori associated gastritis Free Essays

Helicobacter Pylori associated chronic gastritis resulting in duodenal ulceration or Peptic ulcer Dsease. Gastric pain at night and when hungry: ulcer Is duodenal as the pyloric sphincter is open. Single punched-out lesion In the duodenum where of peptic ulcers occur. We will write a custom essay sample on Pylori associated gastritis or any similar topic only for you Order Now H. PyIori most common cause of peptic ulcers. Erythematous stomach and history of dyspepsia: This indicates inflammation associated with chronic gastritis: result of long term hyperacidity in the stomach and duodenum. Patient was a smoker. Smoking reduces blood flow and Impedes healing of the epithelium and mucosa. Presence of curved and spiral-shaped bacilli within the superflclal mucosa of the antrum (no mention of the body of stomach) indicates H. Pylori infection. This induces hyperacidity, increasing the risk of duodenal and gastric ulceration (H. PyIori in of people with peptic ulcers). Large numbers of neutrophils in the lamina propria extending into the epithelium forming pit abscesses and large numbers of plasma and lyrnphocytic cells with germinal centres Infiltrating the lamina proprla Is characteristic of chronic gastritis as the body mounts an Immune response. Gastric epithelium regenerates rapidly, replacing damaged cells. Extensive blood supply to mucosa. Predisposing factors: H. Pylori infection 80% of peptic ulcers Smoking- reduces blood flow, impedes healing. High-dose corticosteroid use (inhibits prostaglandin production) More commonly seen in people with alcohol cirrhosis (alcohol stimulates gastric acid secretion), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (reduces 02 blood perfusion), chronic renal failure and hyperparathyroidism (promote gastrin secretion). 3) Natural history: o Peptic ulcers usually heal within weeks but reoccur within months(75% after one year) unless treated. Longer healing indicates quicker reoccurrence unless stimulus is removed. o A longer period of symptoms before presentation is associated with poorer response to treatment. Complications: o smaller vessels- anaemia o large vessel- malema or haematemesis o major artery: life threatening. o Perforation- spillage of GIT contents into peritoneum: leads to infection (peritonitis) o Obstruction- pyloric stenosis from continuous healing and scarring near pyloric valve. (10% of patients) Leads to hour glass deformity of stomach. o Carcinoma development- (1% of gastric ulcers, never duodenal ulcers) How to cite Pylori associated gastritis, Papers

Demand & Supply of Coal in Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Demand and Supply of Coal in Australia. Answer: In the global as well as domestic markets, commodity prices are largely driven by the demand and supply side factors (Richardson, 2013). In a constant demand scenario, if the supply of a product is declined, the price of the commodity will see a surge. On the other hand, if the demand of a commodity is increased in a stable supply market, the price hike of the resource will be evident (Forstater, 2017). In this particular study, an article has been selected to identify how demand and supply of coal from the global market has created an impact on the price of the commodity in Australia. In the identified article, Slezak (2017) has reviewed how international demand of coal will impact the export as well as the domestic price of the resource in Australia. Currently, Australia can be termed as one of the largest coal exporting countries around the globe. But, in a recent couple of years, the biggest foreign purchasers of Australian coal have shown the intention to cut down the consumption of coal. As result of the circumstances, the price of Australian coal has seen a sharp decline due to worries in terms of demand reducing the profitability of the Australian coal mine businesses (Wonhas, 2014). In the existing market scenario, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan can be recognised as the leading thermal coal importing economies in the world. According to the reports, together these three countries have purchased 70 percent of the Australian export coal (Slezak, 2017). The recent analysis and forecasts of the Chief Economists of Australia have been significantly different to that of the projection of the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA). According to the Australian Officials, the coal industry in Australia will be projected to increase by 8.7 percent by 2022 whereas the global export market for coal will grow by 2.5 percent by 2022 (Slezak, 2017). Contradictorily, IEEFA analyst, Tim Buckley has stated that projections are entirely invalid as in real life the market of coal will originally contract due to consumption cut in leading coal importing economies such as Japan, China, South Korea, and Taiwan. Reportedly, consumption of coal in Japan has been declined as consumers are turning towards renewable energy. Also, environment policies of South Korea have restructured the electricity production sector suspending ageing coal power plants in the nation (Slezak, 2017). Due to such measures that were taken by the leading coal importing economies, the coal export market will certainly face a major setback in the near future. Additionally, the coal industry can evident a fall in the domestic demand due to the developing technology and better availability of renewable energy sources. The carbon reducing policy of the Australian Government has forced the major manufacturing companies to shift to renewable energy sources in order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas (Palmer, 2014). The introduction of electric furnaces in the manufacturing firms has resulted in a decline in the demand for coal. In other words, the shift in the use of energy has resulted in a decrease in the consumption of coal that has further lead to the fall in the demand for coal in the Australian market. By applying the theory of demand and supply, it can be seen that the downfall in the domestic and global demand for coal has resulted in the fall of market equilibrium that has further led to the fall of aggregate price of coal in both the global and domestic market. A diagram has been presented herein below for further understanding: Figure: Declining demand for coal in Australia Source: (Farmer, 2008) It can be seen from the above diagram that the decline in the demand for coal leads to a leftward shift in the demand curve from D1 to D2. However, the supply remains constant at S due to the continuous production of coal in the Australian market. Furthermore, a shift in the market equilibrium level can be evident in the Australian coal market from e to e1. Moreover, a decline in the consumption can be evident from Q1 to Q2. Hence, the falling export quantity of coal due to the declining global demand and less consumption of coal in the Australian market has resulted in a fall in the price of the commodity from P1 to P2. The primary impact of the fall in the price of coal can be seen in the Australian market in the form of mining shutdowns. For instance, several news of shutdown of coal mines has been evident during last few years. According to Janda (2014), Glencore closed its coal mines for a month due to the fall in the demand for the commodity. The falling price of coal has become a major challenge for the coal producing firms to earn their breakeven costs, which is leading to shutdown of the mines and loss of jobs in thousands. It is important for the Australian Government to take necessary measures in order to maintain equilibrium in the Australian coal industry. For example, the Australian government must focus on increasing the export of coal by providing tax reliefs and subsidies to the coal exporters. Furthermore, the government can implement the price flooring policy to maintain an equilibrium price in the domestic market (Rademacher, 2016). Additionally, subsidies can be provided to the mining companies to promote their operations and use better technology to reduce their cost of production (Gilman, 2016). Hence, the Government can make use of its fiscal policies in order to control the demand and supply of coal in the domestic market to provide relief to the Australian coal producers. From the above discussion, it is quite clear that cut down on the demand side from major coal importing economies will create a significant challenge for the Australian coal mining sector. Due to environmental policies, renewable energy resources have started to replace the coal-powered electricity plants in several developed countries. Evidently, climate policy actions of a number of coal importing countries have weighed on the coal mining sector in Australia. Conclusively, the decrease in demand will certainly drive down the price of the fossil fuel in Australia posting unmanageable challenges to the coal mining industry. References Farmer, R. (2008). Aggregate demand and supply.International Journal Of Economic Theory,4(1), 77-93. Forstater, M. (2017). Economics (4th ed.). London: A. C. Black. Gilman, L. (2016).Economics(2nd ed.). Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. Janda, M. (2017).Glencore shuts down Australian coal mines for Christmas.ABC News. Retrieved August 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-14/glencore-shuts-down-australian-coal-mines-for-christmas/5890818 Palmer, G. (2014).Energy in Australia(2nd ed.). Cham: Springer. Rademacher, M. (2016). Development and perspectives on supply and demand in the global hard coal market.Zeitschrift Fr Energiewirtschaft,32(2), 67-87. Richardson, G. (2013).Economic Theory(2nd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Slezak, M. (2017).Energy economics group says export market for Australian coal will decline.the Guardian. Retrieved August 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/12/energy-economics-group-says-export-market-for-australian-coal-will-decline Wonhas, A. (2014). Australia should export more ideas and fewer greenhouse emissions.ECOS.

Tornado Essays - Tornado, Storm, Wind, Thunderstorm, Funnel Cloud

Tornado A tornado is a violent windstorm usually characterized by a twisting, funnel shaped cloud that is caused by a thunderstorm or a hurricane. It is produced when a cool air mass meets a warm air mass and forces the warm air mass to rise over the cool air mass very rapidly. Most of the damage from a tornado is a result of high wind velocity and wind blown debris. Most tornadoes occur during the months of March through August, but they can occur during any time of the year. They also seem to strike in the afternoon to the evening. What you should do and know You should know all key terms that are used to describe tornado threats. 1. Tornado Watch- This means that tornadoes are possible and you should stay tuned to a radio station for more reports. 2. Tornado Warning- A tornado has been sighted and you should take shelter immediately. 3. Severe Thunderstorm Watch- Severe thunderstorms are possible and they may bring a tornado. 4. Severe Thunderstorm Warning- A severe thunderstorm is here and a tornado may be present. 5. You should know the country and terrain in which you live. This is used in identifying the location of a tornado. 6. You should know the places you can seek shelter such as a cabin or rest area. 7. Practice doing this before you head out into the wilderness. 8. You should have emergency supplies on hand such as: Flashlight with extra batteries Portable battery operated radio with extra batteries First aid kit with all supplies and manual Emergency food and water Nonelectric can opener All essential medicines Money Sturdy, good shoes 9. Make an inventory of all your possessions and take pictures of them so if they are lost they you can replace them. Tornado Danger Signs Large hail Calmness before the tornado hits Cloud of debris Funnel cloud Roaring noise Calmness and clear skies after the tornado What to do during a tornado watch 1. Listen to your radio for the latest weather updates. 2. Be alert for an approaching storm so you can get ready and gather your emergency disaster materials up. If you see a funnel cloud call your local emergency number to report it if you can. 3. Be ready to take shelter. What to do during a tornado if you are outside If possible get inside a building If there is no shelter nearby or there is no time to get indoors, lie down in a ditch or a low-lying area with your hands shielding your head. Be aware of flooding in the low lying area or ditch. What you should do after the tornado Help any injured or trapped people Give first aid if it is necessary and do not move any seriouly injured victims unless they are in jeopardy of more injuries. Call for help Turn on your radio to get the latest information Use a telephone if you have one to make any emergency calls Did you know this... Tornadoes can be nearly invisible and only marked by swirling debris at the base of the funnel. On average the U.S. experiences about 100,000 thunderstorms a year and out of those about 1,000 tornadoes develop. Although tornadoes can occur throughout the world the U.S. has the most and most devastating ones. Tornadoes produce the most violent winds in the world. Tornado winds can be as high as 300 miles per hour, travel distances over 100 miles and reach heights of over 60,000 feet above the ground. In 1988 121 tornadoes struck 15 south central states. This resulted in 14 deaths and damages reaching $108 million.

Observations on What Is Language

Observations on What Is Language Language- more specifically human language- refers to the grammar and other rules and norms that allow humans to make utterances and sounds in a way that others can understand, notes linguist  John McWhorter, an associate professor of English and comparative literature at Columbia University. Or as Guy Deutscher said in his seminal work, The Unfolding of Language:  An Evolutionary Tour of Mankinds Greatest Invention, language is what makes us human. Discovering what is language, then, requires a brief look at its origins, its evolution through the centuries, and its central role in human existence and evolution. Greatest Invention If language is mankinds greatest invention, it is supremely ironic that it was actually never invented. Indeed, both Deutscher  and McWhorter, two of the worlds most renowned linguists, say the origin of language remains as much as mystery today as it was in biblical times. No one, says Deutscher, has come up with a better explanation than the tale of the  Tower of Babel,  one of the saddest and most significant stories in the Bible. In the biblical fable, God- seeing that people of the earth had become skilled in construction and had decided to build an  idolatrous tower, indeed an entire city, in ancient  Mesopotamia  that stretched to the heavens- infused the human race with a myriad of tongues so that they could no longer communicate, and could no longer build a massive edifice that would replace the almighty. If the tale is apocryphal, its meaning is not, as Deutscher notes: Language often seems so skilfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of the mouth- But, if you run these sounds through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, says Deutscher, arrange them in some special way and define how they are be ordered by rules of  grammar, you suddenly have language, something that an entire group of people can understand and use to communicate- and indeed to function and a viable society. Chomskyan Linguistics If languages mysterious origin sheds little light on its meaning, it can be helpful to turn to Western societys most renowned- and even controversial- linguist: Noam Chomsky. Chomsky is so famous that an entire subfield of linguistics (the study of language) has been named after him. Chomskyian linguistics is a  broad term for the principles of  language  and the methods of language study introduced and/or popularized by Chomsky  in such groundbreaking works as Syntactic Structures  (1957) and Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965). But, perhaps Chomskys most relevant work for a discussion on language is his 1976 paper, On the Nature of Language. In it, Chomsky directly addressed the meaning of language in a way that foreshadowed the later assertions of  Deutscher  and McWhorter. The nature of language is considered as a function of knowledge attained...[T]he language faculty may be regarded as a fixed function, characteristic of the species, one component of the human mind, a function which maps experience into grammar. In other words, language is all at once a tool and the mechanism that determines how we relate to the world, to each other, and, even to ourselves. Language, as noted, is what makes us human. Expressions of Humanity Famed American poet and existentialist, Walt Whitman, said that language is the sum total of all that humans experience as a species: Language is not an abstract construction of the learned, or of dictionary makers, but is something arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys, affections, tastes, of long generations of humanity, and has its bases broad and low, close to the ground. Language, then, is the sum of all human experience since the beginning of humankind. Without language, humans would be unable to express their feelings, thoughts, emotions, desires, and beliefs. Without language, there could be no society and possibly no religion. Even if Gods wrath at the building of the Tower of Babel led to a plethora of tongues throughout the world, the fact is that they are still tongues, languages that can be deciphered, studied, translated, written, and communicated. Computer Language As computers communicate with humans- and with each other- the meaning of language may soon change. Computers talk through the use of  programming language. Like human language, computer language is a system of grammar, syntax, and other rules that allow humans to communicate with their PCs, tablets, and smartphones, but also allows computers to communicate with other computers. As  artificial intelligence  continues to advance to a point where computers can communicate with each other without the intervention of humans, the very definition of language may need to evolve also. Language will still always be what makes us human, but it may also become the tool that allows machines to communicate, express needs and wants, issue directives, create, and produce through their own tongue. Language, would then, become something that was initially produced by humans but then evolves to a new system of communication- one that has little or no connection to human beings.

Mission Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mission Statements - Essay Example This definition will be a guiding point in the evaluation of the mission statements of McDonald and Dell, Incorporated. McDonald's mission statement can be classified one of the best examples in the global corporate arena. The mission statement clearly defines what the company is and what it wants to accomplish-"to be the world's best quick restaurant experience." This future goal is backed by the strategies which the company will employ-"outstanding quality, service, cleanliness and value." Furthermore, the mission statement is crafted with the company's stakeholders in mind. McDonald emphasizes that it wants that it will be looking after its employees, customers, and shareholders. Written in clear and simple language, the message that McDonalds want to communicate is clearly delivered and is understood by any individual. The mission statement is clear, precise, simple and is very suitable for the world's largest fast food chain. In comparison, Dell's mission statement is more inclined in the company's future than on what it is. It should be noted that Dell's mission statement can be applied to any computer manufacturer.

Adab In Medieval Arabic Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adab In Medieval Arabic Literature - Essay Example The first Al-Kindi’s argument for the existence of God pertains to the belief on causality. This means that everything that professes existence must have a beginning of existence. In this sense, it is impossible to have a beginning without a cause. Besides, entities to causes are infinite. Therefore, there is a prime cause of infinite elements that trigger other causes. This means that the prime cause must be a true one. The true cause refers to a sole God. According to Aristotle’s arguments, there are four stages of causes. This entails the final, the efficient, the formal and the material causes in terms of vitality. In a nutshell, there are two credible causes in the universe. The first cause is the sincere efficient one since its action springs from nothing. On the other hand, the other causes are intermediate since they spring from other causes. God is the only credible force that acts on other things. The reverse meaning of the same regards the idea that other thi ngs cannot act upon Him. Besides the argument on causality, Al-Kindi argues that everything in the world springs from creation (Kennedy 220). This means that there is a divine being that creates such entities. However, every creation lacks the life of sustaining itself. It must rely on the superior being to feed life into the same. This suggests that every creation is not eternal. The sole eternal being is God since He exists to breathe life into new creations. Similarly, the unicity of God is arguably from the observed nature of beings. The world possesses both irregularity and regularity that interact to create a beautiful working mixture. The world has a sculpture in a sense that does not jeopardize itself. In this sense, there are surprising disparities that coexist to accord a meaningful life.

Effect of Voltage on the Rate of Electroplating a Metal

Effect of Voltage on the Rate of Electroplating a Metal Akinlabi Boluwarinde Oluwatosin BACKGROUND Electroplating is the process of plating one metal onto another by hydrolysis, most commonly for decorative purposes or to prevent corrosion of a metal. There are also specific types of electroplating such as copper plating, silver plating, and chromium plating. Electroplating allows manufacturers to use inexpensive metals such as steel or zinc for the majority of the product and then apply different metals on the outside to account for appearance, protection, and other properties desired for the product. The surface can be a metal or even plastic.[1] RESEARCH QUESTION How does varying the voltage of the circuit affect the rate of electroplating a metal with copper? HYPOTHESIS The voltage of the cell also known as the E.M.F (electromotive force) is known to be the force that drives the current thhrough the circuit. It is expected that by increasing the Voltage the circuit will lead to an increase in the rate of electroplating the metal as more current will flow easily throughout the circuit. VARIABLES Independent Variable The voltage of the circuit Dependent Variable The mass of pure copper electroplated onto the metal Controlled Variable The amount of time allowed for reaction The concentration of the electrolyte solution The metal rod used CONTROL OF VARIABLES The amount of time allowed for reaction to occur will be measured with the use of a stopwatch. The voltage of the circuit will be increased by a fix aed amount of 1.5V to keep the experiment and easily measure a changein rate. The same metal rod will be used throughout the experiment for all trials and of the different voltage. The mass of the metal rod to be used is 7g APPARATUS Cells Low resistance wire Copper solid Electrolyte (copper sulphate solution) Electric Balance Stopwatch Metal rod Voltmeter Beaker METHOD I Setup the circuit as shown in the diagram below. I measured the initial mass of the metal and recorded it.Starting with one cell of 1.5V. I closed the circuit and allowed the reaction to occur for 10 minutes. I removed the electroplated metal and measured its mass and recorded it in the table. I Repeated the experiment increasing the number of cell each time and recorded the mass of the of the electroplated metal each time. SAFTEY PRECAUTIONS There is the risk of electrocution if care is not taken. To avoid this the use of well protected wires is necessary and great care must be taken when carrying out the experiment. DATA COLLECTION Raw Data Voltage /v Mass of metal rod after electrolysis /g  ± 0.1g Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 1.5 7.8 7.9 7.9 3.0 8.9 8.7 8.8 4.5 10.0 9.9 9.9 6.0 11.1 11.2 10.9 Qualitative Observations: The pure copper solid used became faded after it was used in the electrolysis reaction. There was still some residue of copper left on the metal rod after rinsing it. The voltage recorded by the voltmeter was not constant but varried in range that was close to the desired value The mass of the metal rod used is 7g Processed Data Voltage /v Mean Average mass of metal rod after electrolysis /g  ± 0.1g Mass of copper added to rod /g  ± 0.1g 1.5 7.9 0.9 3.0 8.8 1.8 4.5 9.9 2.9 6.0 11.1 4.1 The data has been processed. The mean of the three trials for each voltage has been calculated and represented on the table above as Mean Average mass of metal. Also the mass of copper that was electroplated onto the metal rod was calculated using the equation: Graph 1 Graph 2 CONCLUSION As expected when there was an increase in the voltage flowing in the circuit the mass of copper that was electroplated onto the metal rod increased too. This is because as the voltage increases a larger number of electrons flow from the cell or battery into the anode which causes the formation of copper ions to occur faster and so more ions are attracted to the metal rod (cathode) in the given time. The relationship between mass of copper electroplated and voltage can be seen on both graph 1 and graph 2 above. In graph 1 there is an increase in mass as voltage increases but the graph obtained is a slight curve rather than a straight line which indicates random errors, this could likely be due to the voltage fluctuating in circuit. Graph 2 shows a line of best fit for the graph and it is a straight line graph as expected, the error bars are plotted as well. The line passes through all the error bar ranges but does not touch any of the points on the graph and it does not pass through the origin (0,0), this may be due to systematic errors such as errors in the electric balance when measuring the mass of the metal rod before and after electroplating. The linear correlation is 0.998, which suggest very strong correlation between the two variables. EVALUATION The graph of values obtained was not exactly the same as what was expeted. A straight line graph starting from the origin was the expected graph but the graph ontained after a lin of bestt fit was plotted started from the y-intercept -0.25. This was due to errors in the experiment. Random errors such as the fluctuation of the voltage flowing through the circuit as a result of the chemicl reactions going on in the cell led to some of these errors. The voltmeter showed values that ranged from below to above the value of the voltage required indicating that this variable was not kept constant. The deviations were very little and not too far from the required voltage but were still enough to cause errors. It is also possible that because the same solution was used for all trials not all the copper ions had been electroplated onto the metal rod, this could have altered the concentration of the electrolyte (copper sulphate) leading to more errors as the concentration of the electrolyte als o has an effect on the rate of electroplating. Systematic errors were also present throughout the experiment, errors in measuring the mass of the of the metal rod before and after electroplating and also in measuring the mass of the anhydrous copper sulfate solution. This may have been due to poor caliberation before the experiment was carried out. The copper used may also have not been pure as it is possible that there were impurities in the copper solid used. Finally not all of the copper was rinsed off the metal rod before it was used for the next trial which could have altered the total mass when the mass of the metal after electro plating was measured. Errors in measuring the volume of water to be added to the beaker could also have been present. Systematic errors in the stopwatch used such as the delay in starting when the timer was started. The experiment also depended on human reaction time which is known to less accurate than machines, this will have led to more errors. It is impossible to keep the voltage of the cells constant but the range of values can be reduced by using new cells. The eleectric balance cshould be well caliberated before carring out the experiment and a balance with a higher degree of accuracy and sensitivity (measures to more decimal places) could be used. Before each trial a new electrolyte solution could be used to avoid any changes in concentration during the experiment. The experiment could have been automated using a switch that opened after ten minutes from when it was closed to eliminate the error as a result of dependence on human response time. The experiment could also have been repeated more times to reduce errors and increase accuracy. Also a lager rane of voltages could have been tested to gain more data for better more accurate analysis. [1]  http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells/Electroplating