Effect of Voltage on the Rate of Electroplating a Metal

Effect of Voltage on the Rate of Electroplating a Metal Akinlabi Boluwarinde Oluwatosin BACKGROUND Electroplating is the process of plating one metal onto another by hydrolysis, most commonly for decorative purposes or to prevent corrosion of a metal. There are also specific types of electroplating such as copper plating, silver plating, and chromium plating. Electroplating allows manufacturers to use inexpensive metals such as steel or zinc for the majority of the product and then apply different metals on the outside to account for appearance, protection, and other properties desired for the product. The surface can be a metal or even plastic.[1] RESEARCH QUESTION How does varying the voltage of the circuit affect the rate of electroplating a metal with copper? HYPOTHESIS The voltage of the cell also known as the E.M.F (electromotive force) is known to be the force that drives the current thhrough the circuit. It is expected that by increasing the Voltage the circuit will lead to an increase in the rate of electroplating the metal as more current will flow easily throughout the circuit. VARIABLES Independent Variable The voltage of the circuit Dependent Variable The mass of pure copper electroplated onto the metal Controlled Variable The amount of time allowed for reaction The concentration of the electrolyte solution The metal rod used CONTROL OF VARIABLES The amount of time allowed for reaction to occur will be measured with the use of a stopwatch. The voltage of the circuit will be increased by a fix aed amount of 1.5V to keep the experiment and easily measure a changein rate. The same metal rod will be used throughout the experiment for all trials and of the different voltage. The mass of the metal rod to be used is 7g APPARATUS Cells Low resistance wire Copper solid Electrolyte (copper sulphate solution) Electric Balance Stopwatch Metal rod Voltmeter Beaker METHOD I Setup the circuit as shown in the diagram below. I measured the initial mass of the metal and recorded it.Starting with one cell of 1.5V. I closed the circuit and allowed the reaction to occur for 10 minutes. I removed the electroplated metal and measured its mass and recorded it in the table. I Repeated the experiment increasing the number of cell each time and recorded the mass of the of the electroplated metal each time. SAFTEY PRECAUTIONS There is the risk of electrocution if care is not taken. To avoid this the use of well protected wires is necessary and great care must be taken when carrying out the experiment. DATA COLLECTION Raw Data Voltage /v Mass of metal rod after electrolysis /g  ± 0.1g Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 1.5 7.8 7.9 7.9 3.0 8.9 8.7 8.8 4.5 10.0 9.9 9.9 6.0 11.1 11.2 10.9 Qualitative Observations: The pure copper solid used became faded after it was used in the electrolysis reaction. There was still some residue of copper left on the metal rod after rinsing it. The voltage recorded by the voltmeter was not constant but varried in range that was close to the desired value The mass of the metal rod used is 7g Processed Data Voltage /v Mean Average mass of metal rod after electrolysis /g  ± 0.1g Mass of copper added to rod /g  ± 0.1g 1.5 7.9 0.9 3.0 8.8 1.8 4.5 9.9 2.9 6.0 11.1 4.1 The data has been processed. The mean of the three trials for each voltage has been calculated and represented on the table above as Mean Average mass of metal. Also the mass of copper that was electroplated onto the metal rod was calculated using the equation: Graph 1 Graph 2 CONCLUSION As expected when there was an increase in the voltage flowing in the circuit the mass of copper that was electroplated onto the metal rod increased too. This is because as the voltage increases a larger number of electrons flow from the cell or battery into the anode which causes the formation of copper ions to occur faster and so more ions are attracted to the metal rod (cathode) in the given time. The relationship between mass of copper electroplated and voltage can be seen on both graph 1 and graph 2 above. In graph 1 there is an increase in mass as voltage increases but the graph obtained is a slight curve rather than a straight line which indicates random errors, this could likely be due to the voltage fluctuating in circuit. Graph 2 shows a line of best fit for the graph and it is a straight line graph as expected, the error bars are plotted as well. The line passes through all the error bar ranges but does not touch any of the points on the graph and it does not pass through the origin (0,0), this may be due to systematic errors such as errors in the electric balance when measuring the mass of the metal rod before and after electroplating. The linear correlation is 0.998, which suggest very strong correlation between the two variables. EVALUATION The graph of values obtained was not exactly the same as what was expeted. A straight line graph starting from the origin was the expected graph but the graph ontained after a lin of bestt fit was plotted started from the y-intercept -0.25. This was due to errors in the experiment. Random errors such as the fluctuation of the voltage flowing through the circuit as a result of the chemicl reactions going on in the cell led to some of these errors. The voltmeter showed values that ranged from below to above the value of the voltage required indicating that this variable was not kept constant. The deviations were very little and not too far from the required voltage but were still enough to cause errors. It is also possible that because the same solution was used for all trials not all the copper ions had been electroplated onto the metal rod, this could have altered the concentration of the electrolyte (copper sulphate) leading to more errors as the concentration of the electrolyte als o has an effect on the rate of electroplating. Systematic errors were also present throughout the experiment, errors in measuring the mass of the of the metal rod before and after electroplating and also in measuring the mass of the anhydrous copper sulfate solution. This may have been due to poor caliberation before the experiment was carried out. The copper used may also have not been pure as it is possible that there were impurities in the copper solid used. Finally not all of the copper was rinsed off the metal rod before it was used for the next trial which could have altered the total mass when the mass of the metal after electro plating was measured. Errors in measuring the volume of water to be added to the beaker could also have been present. Systematic errors in the stopwatch used such as the delay in starting when the timer was started. The experiment also depended on human reaction time which is known to less accurate than machines, this will have led to more errors. It is impossible to keep the voltage of the cells constant but the range of values can be reduced by using new cells. The eleectric balance cshould be well caliberated before carring out the experiment and a balance with a higher degree of accuracy and sensitivity (measures to more decimal places) could be used. Before each trial a new electrolyte solution could be used to avoid any changes in concentration during the experiment. The experiment could have been automated using a switch that opened after ten minutes from when it was closed to eliminate the error as a result of dependence on human response time. The experiment could also have been repeated more times to reduce errors and increase accuracy. Also a lager rane of voltages could have been tested to gain more data for better more accurate analysis. [1]  http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells/Electroplating

Fracking: Carbon Dioxide and Natural Gas

April 8, 2012 Dear Senator Greg Ball, The current practice of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) began in America in the late 1990‘s and has been wreaking havoc on the land and the lives of the American people since. In case you are unaware, fracking is the process well diggers use to extract natural gas and oil from the earth. They use pressurized mixture of water, sand, and chemicals to form veins (or fractures) in the rock in order for the natural gas or oil to escape.Although this process is an affective way to produce the natural resources from the earth, there are repercussions that are being ignored by the well companies. For instance, there were several private wells in Dimock, Pennsylvania contaminated with methane caused by the fracking done by Cabot Oil and Gas. The people living off these wells were not able to use their water. Although the gas company denied any kind of fault, they compensated the residents financially and built a new pipeline to bring clean water in. In December, 2011 the EPA sent out letters to the residents telling them their water was safe to drink. But in January of 2012 the EPA retracted its position and told the gas company to immediately take care of the problem. Another problem that has developed due to fracking is pollution around the dig sites. Emissions associated with combustion include nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxide, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Another emission problem is the emission produced from the natural gas.Gasses such as methane, ethane and liquid condensate and volatile organic compounds (VOC). VOC’s have been proven to cause birth defects, neurological problems, and cancer. Most recently, in March of 2012, officials in Ohio are blaming the wastewater produced from fracking for a series of recent earthquakes. What my goal would be from you Mr. Ball, is that you would introduce a bill to the senate that would encourage regulation on fracking from the federal level.If the federal government woul d regulate the way fracking is done in America, it could save many lives and help save the environment. Bad drilling techniques, design and execution are some of the reasons the drilling wreaks so much havoc. This is something that could very easily be regulated by inspections of the wells. I also believe that the number of wells being drilled needs to be regulated. In Pennsylvania alone, there are 3,500 wells. This number is too high. Having that number of wells in such s small area, is inviting problems.If the federal government would make some regulations on how many wells per square mile are aloud, it would cut down of a lot of the damage being done. It may also be possible to regulate how far from civilian dwellings a well should be drilled. If the wells were drilled several miles from any home, the chances of it endangering people and animals would decrease. Mr. Ball I appreciate you taking time to read this letter and listening to my concerns. I am confident that you love thi s country as much as I do and will try to put an end to hydraulic fracturing as we know it today. Sincerely,

Superstition in a Taiwanese Family

Final Writing Assignment: Superstitions in my family Talking about superstitions is a common fact in my family, and in ours modern societies. Even the more reasonable person at least once in his life had been superstitious. Even if we are not extreme in this belief; whom had never crossed their fingers or ran away if we see a black cat. We all even unconsciously believe in fate, good or bad luck. Some people are really extreme in their belief of superstitions but I tend to think that is a way for them more easily to accept some facts whenever the science can not explain it.Superstitions are not limited to a particular part of the globe, people, or community. All superstitions exist, in one form or another, and get different degrees of implication. Superstitions are passed on from one generation to another, through habits or religious practices. No doubt that less educated people are more sensitive to these believes because their understanding of the world and sciences are limited. I am however a rational and educated person. I tend to believe more in reason than feeling but I also happen to be superstitious.My superstitions are those ones my family has, and more precisely my mother conveyed to me. Also my country, Taiwan, where I have grown up is full of superstitious beliefs. Superstitions are a real part of the Asian culture. I totally experience it everyday in my proper family. Some examples of common superstitions of my culture are: you have to knock the door when you enter a room in a hotel in order to tell the ghosts that they have to leave. Or do not use your finger to point the moon or you take the risk to get your ears cut.Another, the most common in all over the world as well as in my country is the belief is link to a number for us the number four which pronunciation in Chinese is really close to the word, die. The another is that a black cat crossing your path can affect your luck, something bad will happen to you soon or later. Firstly, I think it is important to know what a superstition is: According to The Oxford Dictionary, superstition is â€Å"excessively credulous belief in and reverence for the supernatural.A widely held but irrational belief in supernatural influences, especially as leading to good or bad luck, or a practice based on such a belief. † Now for the really scientific mind this belief can seem totally stupid or wrong. But I tend to think that there is no real rational explanation to this belief, we just follow those superstitions because we may be unconsciously afraid of the consequences in next second if we do not follow. For example, my mother used to tell me since I am a kid that do not whistle during night because hypothetically some ghost could be attract by the sound and follow me home.The elder generation really keeps and respects this kind of belief and we grow up with. Lots of people in Taiwan respect those believe that most of foreigners who do not know it and make the mistake are rapidly warned. Maybe this superstition could seem preposterous but most of people here believe in it, so you tend to believe too. For other example, in my family everybody believes that during the Ghosts month, it is inauspicious to travel, to marry, to swim, or stay late outside at night because they believe that all the ghosts of the universe walk on the earth during that month.So, that is why my mother asks me not to stay out at night because she wants to prevent any possibility that I meet any of this â€Å"unknown but possibly dangerous ghosts. † My country may be full of superstitions but many of them can be mock through scientific experimentation. For example, my mother believes that a woman during her pregnancy cannot use any sharp tool or glue without take the risk that her baby gets some bad after-effects. So does it mean that during all her pregnancy, she cannot use a knife so she cannot eat meat by herself.If we think more reasonably I do not see which does not enter the body can get the baby any consequences. This superstition must have evolved with the science but still in Taiwan that lots of family believe in it and really pay attention to pregnant woman. I ignore from where this superstition comes from but we still scare of the unknown and invisible things. In conclusion, the superstitions had been through centuries brought down from our ancestors. All these superstitions affect people’s life and have been kept and brought forward until now.In Taiwan superstitions are a real part of our customs and traditions. I really think that my family is really affected by these beliefs and divided between tradition and modernity. Eventually though I am a realistic person, I sometime get caught up in my mother's superstitions. I do not believe in superstition but unconsciously, I put myself into these through my youth. These superstitions are more than only simple beliefs they are my culture, and my identity. I would love to know how people of my ge neration and other countries live their proper superstitions.

Essay on The Metamorphosis of Holden in The Catcher in...

The Metamorphosis of Holden in The Catcher in the Rye Without love and guidance, young people often find themselves lost; unsure of what direction their lives are headed. Such is the case with Holden Caulfield, a character from the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger. Holden is a sixteen-year old boy who has lost his way. Hold has suffered a great loss, the death of his Brother, Allie. Holden is trying to reconcile his emotions since Allies death. While dealing with their own grief, Holdens parents have neglected his needs and have therefore not addressed this with him. Holden goes searching for answers and companionship since his parents are emotionally unavailable. This story takes up†¦show more content†¦He invites her for a cocktail, Cmon join me, why dont ya? Mrs. Morrow suggests that, the club cars most likely closed,(pg.57) but thanked him for the offer. The first thing that Holden tries to do when he gets off of the train, is to try to find someone to call. At this point its very clear that Holden is depressed and lonely. I couldnt think of anyone to call,(pg.59) says Holden. So he hails a cab and strikes up a conversation with the driver, You know those ducks in that lagoon right near Central Park South? That Little Lake? By any chance do you know where they go, the ducks, when it gets all frozen over?(pg.60) The driver brushes him off. Holden invites him for a cocktail as well. Cant do it, Mac, Sorry.(pg.61) The driver responds. Holden persists in questioning people about the ducks. The duck are reflective of Holdens fear of the unknown. Of what happens after we stop being. He needs to be reassured that things are going to be okay. Holden goes on bad dates, meets up with a prostitute, and frequents nightclubs all in his search for love and companionship. Eventually he sneaks into his house to pay a visit to his sister. They talk for a while and Phoebe figures out that Holden has been thrown out of school again. You did get kicked out! You did! old Phoebe said.(pg.169) You dont like anything thats happened,(pg.169) says Phoebe. Yes I do, sure I do. Dont say that. Why the hell doShow MoreRelated Catcher in the Rye Essay: Holden’s Metamorphosis1954 Words   |  8 PagesHoldens Metamorphosis in The Catcher in the Rye      Ã‚  Ã‚   J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye is the chronicle of a young mans metamorphosis from immaturity to unsure manhood. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, is a sixteen-year old boy who leaves the prep school he has been expelled from to escape the frightening reality of dealing with his parents. However, during his visit to New York City he is faced with the harsh reality that he cannot continue to hold onto his childhood. 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The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Essay - 2537 Words

It is a phrase that inspires awe of the accomplishments of the human race. It is a phrase that inspires fear for the mankind. Artificial intelligence has the potential for great, wondrous things, as well as those that are horrid and terrible. Writers have often played on this fear of other forms of intelligence – this fear of the unknown – and nothing can be worse than being outsmarted and surpassed by one’s own creation. Artificial intelligence, or AI, has the potential to be extremely beneficial to humanity, but there are costs and problems that could arise as a result of it. Technical Description: In truth, AI does not necessarily refer to laser wielding robots hell bent on human eradication. â€Å"Artificial† is defined as â€Å"made by†¦show more content†¦The symbols can then be manipulated and new ones created. The computer can examine numerous possible manipulations and outcomes. Unfortunately, computer systems such as this lack basic common sense that humans take for granted. The amount of data that would need to be inputted is both immense and somewhat unknown, as well as the problem that not all knowledge can be represented as a statement. So far, some of the successful applications have been in expert systems and game playing programs. One company, Cycorp www.cyc.com is spending $25 million over 20 years employing people to hand enter volumes uponShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Artificial Intelligence1409 Words   |  6 PagesOn the topic of artificial intelligence (AI), one may suppose that an ethical foundation has already been lain in place. One may presume so based on how integral it has grown to our lives, developing a co-existence with our communications devices, such as in the case of Siri or Google Now in the iOS and Android ecosystems, respectively. Such is not the case, however, as the topic of ethics when developing and maintaining artificial intelligence systems is a hotly debated one. 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Impact of a Deaf Child on Families - 2063 Words

Impact of a Deaf Child on Families A bird calls and the phone rings. Yet the girl makes no move to listen to one or to answer the other. A baby’s cry goes ignored and the tea kettle on the stove continues to whistle. Most, but not all cases of childhood deafness and hearing-impairment are diagnosed between the ages of 18 months and 3-years-old (Mapp 50). Sometimes called the invisible handicap, hearing loss explains why sign language is the third most used language in the United States (Jones 54). While recognition of sight problems or physical impairments may be triggered by spotting eye glasses or a wheelchair, deafness must be discovered through acts of direct communication. The girl walks down the hall and does not acknowledge her†¦show more content†¦34-35). Studies have also shown that the time following a child’s diagnosis can be particularly trying on husbands as they are trying to reassure their wives that everything will be fine while privately attempting to deal with their own deep an d emotional grief (Luterman et al. 7). The separate roles each parent takes on complement each other by providing unique skills for their child. One of the most emotional taxing yet gratifying parts of raising a deaf child is that the mother is typically the one member of the family most capable of communicating with the deaf child. She becomes not only a mother, but an educator, social guidance counselor, communication specialist, interpreter, and audiologist consultant (Mapp 15). The girl’s mother went to the school district when the girl entered high school hoping sign language classes were available as a precaution in case her half deaf child continued to lose her hearing. They refused to even consider letting sign language qualify for her foreign language requirement. Another recurring theme in the challenges faced by parents is the abundance of ignorance in the faculty of school systems themselves. One frustrated parent wrote said about mainstreaming her deaf child into a hearing school, â€Å"†¦the teacher sometimes forgets†¦her limits and limitations†¦and does somethingShow MoreRelatedParents An d Peers : A Child Who Is Deaf Or Hard Of Hearing ( Dhh )814 Words   |  4 PagesParents and peers play an important role in the holistic development of a child who is deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). Even the progress of the listening and speaking or sign language skills of a DHH child is heavily dependent on the consistent involvements of the child’s parents and peers. The more engaged a DHH child is in his/her day-to-day communications and interactions with parents, peers, and even siblings, the more adapting they become in listening and speaking or signing. Hence, it is noRead MoreDeaf Again By Mark Drolsbaugh1511 Words   |  7 PagesIn Mark Drolsbaugh’s book, Deaf Again, he is able to bring the reader through his life struggles and triumphs as a member of the Deaf community. There were three major themes that reoccurred throughout his life. These themes consist of communication barriers, a negative image on deafness, and limitations on social experiences. An exam ple of communication barriers starts in the beginning with his birth. From the beginning, he talked about how his parents struggled to communicate with the doctors whenRead MoreDevelopment and Deaf Children Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesexposure is for deaf children (Drasgow 1998). Unlike hearing children who are exposed to language early in the womb, deaf children get their exposure to language at birth (Drasgow 1998). Drasgow explains that studies show the earlier language is developed the higher children excel in language skills (Drasgow 1998). 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For years, deaf individuals have been told they are less than or different, and after years of stigmatization, and ill treatment many people have become part of deaf culture, which does not look at deafness as a disability, but rather a differentRead MoreMarlee Matlin - Deaf Actress, Cultural Icon1249 Words   |  5 PagesPerry Miles Professor Parker English 1010 Composition 1 24 June 2009 Paper I: Marlee Matlin - Deaf Actress, Cultural Icon Marlee Beth Matlin was born on August 24, 1965 in Morton Grove, Illinois to Libby and Donald Matlin. She is the youngest and the only female of three children. She is an Academy Award winning actress and a world renowned spokesperson for various organizations. Marlee lives in the greater Los Angeles area with her husband, law enforcement officer Kevin Grandalski, andRead MoreThe Importance Of Reading In English1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction It comes as no surprise that a majority of Deaf children, whose first language is not English, struggle when it comes to English literacy. In the United States, around one half of Deaf students read at or below a fourth grade reading level upon completion of high school, with only around 7% reading at or above a seventh grade reading level (Strong Prinz, 1997). This level of reading barely reaches the level needed to read a newspaper (Goldin-Meadow Mayberry, 2001). 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Australian Corporate Law

Question: You are required to write a research essay addressing all of following points: W ho are directors of company? W hat are their duties of directors under Australia Corporation Law? Give a short history of the evolution of directors duties and responsibilities. Please enumerate their duties and responsibilities today. Are their duties the same in proprietary companies and public companies? Explain the consequences should directors contravene the law and the remedies available. W hat do you see in the future direction of directors duties in Australia? Please cite relevant case law and the statutes in your answer and provideproper references. Answer: Introduction According to the Section 201B of the Australia Corporation Act, an individual may be appointed as a director if he/she has completed the age of 18 years and by the permission granted by ASIC under section 206F. The director is regarded as the back-bone of the company. It is the duty of the director to act for the welfare of the company with honesty, care, diligence, and goodwill. In this topic, we will discuss the duties and obligations of the director under the Corporation Act of Australia and the qualities in the directors to be perceived in future. Discussion Director of the company should complete 18 years of age. It is compulsory for the director to reside in Australia only if he/she is the only director of the company. It is not mandatory for all the directors to reside in Australia if one of them is already residing in the Continent(Purcell Loftus, 2007). To hold the position of the director, a written consent of the person who wants to be the director must be provided to the company which must be further notified to the ASIC for his/her appointment (Cole, 2012). In specific conditions, the duties and obligations of a director are imposed to a specific person by the Corporations Act. He/she is not the formal director of the company, but has all the rights to give instructions to the formally appointed directors. However, a person can also be prohibited by the court and ASIC from being a director or to be a member of the management of the company in specific cases, for example, if he or she is guilty of breaching the Corporation Act (Baxt, 2005). According to the Section 5 of the Australia Corporation Act 2001, the permission of court is essential for a person to hold the position of a director if he/she has been convicted for offences or is unable to pay their dues. According to the Section 9 and also under several other sections of the act, a director must inform the company regarding his/her resignation by a written notice or he/she may notify the resignation to the ASIC (Marshall Ramsay, 2012). If he/she fails, it is the duty of the company to notify ASIC about the resignation of the director. Section 5.3 of the act states the duties and liabilities of the directors. The director of a company is issued a wide range of duties under the Corporation Act. The most important duty of the director is to act in trust, loyalty and reliance. It is the duty of the director to work for the welfare of the company and to consider best for the company (Redmond, 2012). The director must implement concern and carefulness. It is the duty of the director to prevent the trade of the company when it is unable to pay its debt. The director has to report the liquidator about the affairs of the company in the cases when the company is wound up. For example, director may help the liquidator by providing him/her the records or the data when the company is wound up (Anderson, 2009). If the director is found guilty of contravening the act and fails to perform their duties, it will be considered as a criminal offence and he/she will be liable with a penalty of $200,000 or the imprisonment of upto 5 years or both. He/she may also be in breach of civil penalty provision and may be ordered by the court to pay upto $200,000 to the Commonwealth. He/she might be held personally liable to compensate the company or the others also for the damage or loss to the company. He/she may also be prohibited by the law from managing the company(Deloitte, 2013). Section 180 and several other sections of the act states that the duties and obligations of the director continue to exist even after the failure of the registration of the company. The general duties of the directors are kept under Section 180 to Section 187 of the Corporation Act. Section 180(1) refers to the care and diligence by the director which comes under civil obligation (Langford et al., 2015). It is expected from the director of a corporation to exercise their powers and discharge their duties with lot of care and attentiveness which is expected from a reasonable person if they were in the similar conditions and had occupied the similar position (Lowry, 2009). Section 180(2) states that a director must fulfill the requirements of subsection (1) as well as their duties in accordance to the common law and in equity, in respect of the business judgment if they make the decisions in good faith and purpose. The director must not fulfill personal interest while taking decisions for the company and should act in the favor of the company. Section 180(3) describes the business judgment as the decision to take action or not in the matters related to the business operations of the company. Section 181 states 'act in good faith' as the civil obligation of the directors. Subsection (1) binds the directors to act in good faith and for a proper reason while exercising their powers and discharging their duties and he/she should work for the welfare and best interest of the company. Section 181(2) states that a director who contravenes the clauses of the subsection (1) will be in breach of this subsection also. Section 182 of the Corporation act states that a director must not make improper use of his position for unfair purposes. Subsection (1) mandates the directors not to take benefit of their position to gain some advantages for them or for others. They are prohibited to use their position to cause disadvantage to the corporation. Section 183 prohibits the directors for improper use of the information. Subsection (1) specifies that the information obtained by the directors should not be used to solve illegitimate purposes of themselves or for others and must not cause harm to the company itself(Corporate Law Economic Reform Program, 1997). Section 184 of the act holds the director liable, if he/she contravenes the clauses of good faith, use of position, and the use of information, of criminal offences. Subsection (1) holds the directors liable of criminal offence if they are irresponsible, purposely corrupt, and fail to discharge their duties in good faith and purpose for the welfare of the company. Subsection (2) states that the directors are held liable of criminal offence, if they use their position for the improper purposes and act dishonestly with the intention to gain direct or indirect profit for themselves or for others. The directors are contravening the law if they are irresponsible towards their position to gain direct or indirect advantage for themselves or others. Subsection(3) states that director will be held liable under criminal offence if he/she misuses the information kept with him/her for the benefit of himself/herself or others either intentionally or carelessly. Section 185 of the act subscribes the interaction of the clauses of sections 180 to 184 with other laws. Paragraph (a) explains that all the duties and liabilities mentioned in the sections 180 to 184 will be in effect for the persons as their office or employment is related to the corporation act. It does not prevent the initiation of the civil proceedings in case of breach of a duty or a liability referred to in the paragraph (a). The duties of the directors are same whether in subsidiary company or public company. These are the general guidelines to be followed by the directors, officers, and the employees as well. Although section 187 of the Australia Corporation Act permits the director to act in good faith and for the good will of the subsidiary as well. A director of a corporation is supposed to be a wholly-owned subsidiary of a body corporate. It is expected from him to work honestly and for the welfare of the subsidiary if the constitution of the subsidiary provides the authority to the director to take actions in good faith and for the best interest of the holding company. The director must act in good faith and for the interest of the subsidiary, if the subsidiary is not bankrupt during the director's tenure and prevented from being bankrupt due to the director's act. In Australia, we should reorganize some of the checks and balances provided by our law to sustain honesty, skill, care, and diligence on the part of the directors who govern the companies for the welfare of the share holders, employees as well as for the society(Kirby, 1998). In future, it will be essential for the directors to be informed about the technological trends and global changes(Horrigan, 2012). In this way, the director of the corporation will be able to keep pace with the challenges occurring to the corporation. Conclusion The Corporation Act of Australia provides sufficient duties and obligations to the directors of the Corporation. Hence, these are the mandatory obligations of the directors. But for the progress and improvement in their capabilities in future, the directors must be aware about the global .technologies and trends prevailing in the society. References Anderson, H., 2009. Piercing the veil on corporate groups in Australia: the case for reform. Melbourne University Law Review, 33, pp.333-67. Baxt, P.R., 2005. Duties and Responsibilities of Directors and Officers. 18th ed. Australian Institute of Company Directors. Cole, S., 2012. Mind the Expectation Gap the role of a company director. Sydney: Australian Institute of Company Directors. Corporate Law Economic Reform Program, 1997. Directors Duties and Corporate Governance. Australian Government Publishing Service. Deloitte, 2013. Duties of Directors. [Online] Deloitte Touche Horrigan, P.B., 2012. Directors Duties and Liabilities Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going in the UK, Broader Commonwealth, and Internationally? International Journal of Business and Social Science, III(2), pp.21-45. Kirby, M., 1998. The Company Director: Past, Present and Future. Marshall, S.D. Ramsay, I., 2012. Stakeholders and directors' duties: Law, theory and evidence. UNSW Law Journal, 35(1), pp.291-316. Purcell, J.A. Loftus, J.A., 2007. Regulatory Developments in Corporate Social Responsibility: Directors and Officers Duties. Corporate Law Teachers Association. Redmond, P., 2012. Directors' duties and corporate social responsiveness. UNSW Law Journal, 31(1), pp.317-40.